Clinical advances in Ilizarov technique for foot and ankle trauma_Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery

Authors：

CAI Peng , FANG Xiang , LI Jia , LI Yaxing ,  ZHANG Hui

Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Research Institute, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu Sichuan, 610041, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

ZHANG Hui, Email: caesarzh@163.com

Keywords：

Ilizarov technique; foot and ankle trauma; external fixation

DOI：

10.7507/1002-1892.202504124

Video：

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Objective To summarize the clinical application value and progress of Ilizarov technique in the treatment of foot and ankle trauma. Methods The related literature of Ilizarov technique in the treatment of foot and ankle trauma was extensively reviewed, and the fundamental principles of Ilizarov technique and its clinical application in the treatment of complex foot and ankle trauma such as Pilon fractures, lateral malleolus defects, calcaneal fractures, and talus fractures were reviewed, and its efficacy and complications were analyzed. Results The Ilizarov technique demonstrates significant advantages in treating open fractures, bone defects, and cases with poor soft tissue conditions, achieving high rates of bone defect repair, effective infection control, and improved functional scores. However, complications such as pin tract infections remain notable. Conclusion The Ilizarov technique is an effective approach for managing complex foot and ankle trauma, particularly in high-risk cases. Its dynamic fixation mechanism combines mechanical stability with biological repair. Future advancements should focus on integrating three-dimensional printing and smart sensor technologies to enhance precision.

1.	Paley D. The correction of complex foot deformities using Ilizarov’s distraction osteotomies. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 1993, (293): 97-111.
2.	Gomes TM, Oliva XM, Viridiana Sanchez E, et al. Anatomy of the ankle and subtalar joint ligaments: What we do not know about it? Foot Ankle Clin, 2023, 28(2): 201-216.
3.	Tarchokov VT, Leonchuk SS. Ilizarov technique in acute ankle trauma: A report of four cases. Emergency Medicine: Open Acces (Los angel), 2017, 7(2): 3. doi: 10.4172/2165-7548.1000352.
4.	Court-Brown CM, McBirnie J, Wilson G. Adult ankle fractures—an increasing problem? Acta Orthop Scand, 1998, 69(1): 43-47.
5.	van Staa TP, Dennison EM, Leufkens HG, et al. Epidemiology of fractures in England and Wales. Bone, 2001, 29(6): 517-522.
6.	Xie L, Huang Y, Zhang L, et al. Ilizarov method and its combined methods in the treatment of long bone defects of the lower extremity: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 2023, 24(1): 891. doi: 10.1186/s12891-023-07001-9.
7.	Guan S, Du H, Wu Y, et al. The Ilizarov technique: A dynamic solution for orthopaedic challenges. Orthop Surg, 2024, 16(9): 2111-2114.
8.	Zhu YL, Guo BF, Zang JC, et al. Ilizarov technology in China: a historic review of thirty-one years. Int Orthop, 2022, 46(3): 661-668.
9.	Paley D. Problems, obstacles, and complications of limb lengthening by the Ilizarov technique. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 1990, (250): 81-104.
10.	Gubin AV, Borzunov DY, Marchenkova LO, et al. Contribution of G. A. Ilizarov to bone reconstruction: historical achievements and state of the art. Strategies Trauma Limb Reconstr, 2016, 11(3): 145-152.
11.	秦泗河, 郭保逢, Catagni MA. Ilizarov技术在欧洲的传播发展. 中国矫形外科杂志, 2023, 31(11): 961-966.
12.	秦泗河, 李刚. Ilizarov理论与技术的起源、发展与传播史. 中国骨与关节外科, 2010, 3(5): 417-423.
13.	Saqib M, Ullah MA, Ahmad S, et al. Exploring the efficacy of the Ilizarov method for infected femoral non-unions in pediatric and adult populations. Cureus, 2025, 17(2): e79357. doi: 10.7759/cureus.79357.
14.	Ilizarov GA. The tension-stress effect on the genesis and growth of tissues: Part Ⅱ. The influence of the rate and frequency of distraction. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 1989, (239): 263-285.
15.	臧建成, 秦泗河. 从Wolff定律和Ilizarov张力-应力法则到骨科自然重建理念. 中国骨伤, 2013, 26(4): 287-290.
16.	Wang X, Lu F, Wang W, et al. Global research hotspots and trends in advances of the Ilizarov technique: A bibliometric mapping. Orthop Surg, 2025, 17(3): 663-676.
17.	Lovisetti G, Agus MA, Pace F, et al. Management of distal tibial intra-articular fractures with circular external fixation. Strategies Trauma Limb Reconstr, 2009, 4(1): 1-6.
18.	付志斌, 何国伟, 陈威, 等. 信号通路对Ilizarov技术牵张成骨调节作用的研究进展. 中华骨与关节外科杂志, 2023, 16(9): 860-864.
19.	Maiti SK, Shivakumar MU, Mohan D, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells of different origin-seeded bioceramic construct in regeneration of bone defect in rabbit. Tissue Eng Regen Med, 2018, 15(4): 477-492.
20.	Li G, Simpson AH, Kenwright J, et al. Assessment of cell proliferation in regenerating bone during distraction osteogenesis at different distraction rates. J Orthop Res, 1997, 15(5): 765-772.
21.	Paley D. The principles of deformity correction by the Ilizarov technique: Technical aspects. Techniques in Orthopaedics, 1989, 4(1): 15-29.
22.	Katsenis D, Bhave A, Paley D, et al. Treatment of malunion and nonunion at the site of an ankle fusion with the Ilizarov apparatus. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 2005, 87(2): 302-309.
23.	秦泗河, 李刚. Ilizarov技术骨科应用进展. 北京: 人民军医出版社, 2014: 2-10.
24.	Xie C, Dong Y, Yao Z, et al. Biomechanical study of a modified application of Ilizarov external mini-fixator for metacarpal neck fractures: a comparative analysis. J Orthop Surg Res, 2025, 20(1): 376. doi: 10.1186/s13018-025-05795-z.
25.	Zhu Y, Pan S, Xu Y, et al. The efficacy of modified Ilizarov distraction-tension device on limb wound difficult to cover with skin flaps. Orthop Surg, 2024, 16(9): 2221-2229.
26.	秦泗河. Ilizarov技术与骨科自然重建理念. 中国矫形外科杂志, 2007, 15(8): 595-596.
27.	Zhang Y, Wang J, Jiao B, et al. Analysis of functional outcomes and complications of tibial bone defects treated with Ilizarov bone transport technique. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 2025, 26(1): 198. doi: 10.1186/s12891-025-08454-w.
28.	焦绍锋, 秦泗河, 王振军, 等. Ilizarov技术治疗四肢畸形并发症分析. 中华骨科杂志, 2012, 32(3): 245-248.
29.	陈建文, 秦泗河. Ilizarov技术矫治马蹄足畸形的临床应用进展. 中国矫形外科杂志, 2010, 18(1): 53-57.
30.	王林, 吴学建, 王顺利, 等. Ilizarov技术治疗原发性骨肿瘤保肢术后感染的疗效评价. 中国修复重建外科杂志, 2016, 30(12): 1452-1456.
31.	Li W, Liu L, Shi X, et al. Ilizarov technique combined with sequential Ortho Bridge System for treating infected large segmental bone defects of the femur. Asian J Surg, 2024. doi: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2024.08.277.
32.	Tan F, Yang C, Zeng J, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis: comparing the efficacy of the Ilizarov technique alone with lengthening over a nail for lower extremity bone defects. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 2024, 25(1): 699. doi: 10.1186/s12891-024-07799-y.
33.	Lim JA, Thahir A, Zhou AK, et al. Definitive management of open pilon fractures with fine wire fixation. Injury, 2020, 51(11): 2717-2722.
34.	Shaikh SA, Tanveer DMO, Tahir M, et al. Ilizarov versus ORIF for open AO type-C Pilon fractures. Pak J Med Sci, 2024, 40(10): 2213-2218.
35.	段修芳, 侯致典, 潘维亮, 等. 胫骨Pilon骨折前外侧钢板联合内侧微创钢板接骨. 中国矫形外科杂志, 2024, 32(8): 685-690.
36.	甘廷江, 李亚星, 陈宇, 等. 经关节内矫正截骨术治疗中青年陈旧性胫骨pilon骨折的疗效分析. 中华创伤骨科杂志, 2025, 27(1): 25-31.
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39.	Iliopoulos E, Morrissey N, Cho S, et al. Outcomes of the Ilizarov frame use in elderly patients. J Orthop Sci, 2017, 22(4): 783-786.
40.	Nozaka K, Miyakoshi N, Saito H, et al. Effectiveness of Ilizarov external fixation in elderly patients with pilon fractures. J Orthop Sci, 2021, 26(2): 254-260.
41.	Debnath UK, Maripuri SN, Guha AR, et al. Open grade Ⅲ “floating ankle” injuries: a report of eight cases with review of literature. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg, 2007, 127(8): 625-631.
42.	徐天宇, 陈默迪, 谢明茹, 等. 内, 外踝韧带缺损对邻近核心肌腱生物力学影响的有限元分析. 中国组织工程研究, 2025, 29(33): 7223-7230.
43.	夏海, 丁玉峰, 李本英, 等. 腓骨头复合组织瓣重建小儿外踝骨和软组织缺损. 中华显微外科杂志, 2021, 44(2): 171-174.
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45.	王朝辉, 高峻青, 詹晓欢, 等. 一期清创联合二期Ilizarov骨搬运技术修复创伤后外踝缺损. 中国修复重建外科杂志, 2019, 33(7): 865-870.
46.	王巨鹏. 外固定支架用于跟骨关节内骨折的治疗进展. 现代诊断与治疗, 2022, 33(4): 494-497.
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48.	Pelc M, Hryniuk W, Bobiński A, et al. Assessment of function in patients after calcaneal fracture treatment with the Ilizarov method. J Clin Med, 2024, 13(16): 4671. doi: 10.3390/jcm13164671.
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1. Paley D. The correction of complex foot deformities using Ilizarov’s distraction osteotomies. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 1993, (293): 97-111.
2. Gomes TM, Oliva XM, Viridiana Sanchez E, et al. Anatomy of the ankle and subtalar joint ligaments: What we do not know about it? Foot Ankle Clin, 2023, 28(2): 201-216.
3. Tarchokov VT, Leonchuk SS. Ilizarov technique in acute ankle trauma: A report of four cases. Emergency Medicine: Open Acces (Los angel), 2017, 7(2): 3. doi: 10.4172/2165-7548.1000352.
4. Court-Brown CM, McBirnie J, Wilson G. Adult ankle fractures—an increasing problem? Acta Orthop Scand, 1998, 69(1): 43-47.
5. van Staa TP, Dennison EM, Leufkens HG, et al. Epidemiology of fractures in England and Wales. Bone, 2001, 29(6): 517-522.
6. Xie L, Huang Y, Zhang L, et al. Ilizarov method and its combined methods in the treatment of long bone defects of the lower extremity: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 2023, 24(1): 891. doi: 10.1186/s12891-023-07001-9.
7. Guan S, Du H, Wu Y, et al. The Ilizarov technique: A dynamic solution for orthopaedic challenges. Orthop Surg, 2024, 16(9): 2111-2114.
8. Zhu YL, Guo BF, Zang JC, et al. Ilizarov technology in China: a historic review of thirty-one years. Int Orthop, 2022, 46(3): 661-668.
9. Paley D. Problems, obstacles, and complications of limb lengthening by the Ilizarov technique. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 1990, (250): 81-104.
10. Gubin AV, Borzunov DY, Marchenkova LO, et al. Contribution of G. A. Ilizarov to bone reconstruction: historical achievements and state of the art. Strategies Trauma Limb Reconstr, 2016, 11(3): 145-152.
11. 秦泗河, 郭保逢, Catagni MA. Ilizarov技术在欧洲的传播发展. 中国矫形外科杂志, 2023, 31(11): 961-966.
12. 秦泗河, 李刚. Ilizarov理论与技术的起源、发展与传播史. 中国骨与关节外科, 2010, 3(5): 417-423.
13. Saqib M, Ullah MA, Ahmad S, et al. Exploring the efficacy of the Ilizarov method for infected femoral non-unions in pediatric and adult populations. Cureus, 2025, 17(2): e79357. doi: 10.7759/cureus.79357.
14. Ilizarov GA. The tension-stress effect on the genesis and growth of tissues: Part Ⅱ. The influence of the rate and frequency of distraction. Clin Orthop Relat Res, 1989, (239): 263-285.
15. 臧建成, 秦泗河. 从Wolff定律和Ilizarov张力-应力法则到骨科自然重建理念. 中国骨伤, 2013, 26(4): 287-290.
16. Wang X, Lu F, Wang W, et al. Global research hotspots and trends in advances of the Ilizarov technique: A bibliometric mapping. Orthop Surg, 2025, 17(3): 663-676.
17. Lovisetti G, Agus MA, Pace F, et al. Management of distal tibial intra-articular fractures with circular external fixation. Strategies Trauma Limb Reconstr, 2009, 4(1): 1-6.
18. 付志斌, 何国伟, 陈威, 等. 信号通路对Ilizarov技术牵张成骨调节作用的研究进展. 中华骨与关节外科杂志, 2023, 16(9): 860-864.
19. Maiti SK, Shivakumar MU, Mohan D, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells of different origin-seeded bioceramic construct in regeneration of bone defect in rabbit. Tissue Eng Regen Med, 2018, 15(4): 477-492.
20. Li G, Simpson AH, Kenwright J, et al. Assessment of cell proliferation in regenerating bone during distraction osteogenesis at different distraction rates. J Orthop Res, 1997, 15(5): 765-772.
21. Paley D. The principles of deformity correction by the Ilizarov technique: Technical aspects. Techniques in Orthopaedics, 1989, 4(1): 15-29.
22. Katsenis D, Bhave A, Paley D, et al. Treatment of malunion and nonunion at the site of an ankle fusion with the Ilizarov apparatus. J Bone Joint Surg (Am), 2005, 87(2): 302-309.
23. 秦泗河, 李刚. Ilizarov技术骨科应用进展. 北京: 人民军医出版社, 2014: 2-10.
24. Xie C, Dong Y, Yao Z, et al. Biomechanical study of a modified application of Ilizarov external mini-fixator for metacarpal neck fractures: a comparative analysis. J Orthop Surg Res, 2025, 20(1): 376. doi: 10.1186/s13018-025-05795-z.
25. Zhu Y, Pan S, Xu Y, et al. The efficacy of modified Ilizarov distraction-tension device on limb wound difficult to cover with skin flaps. Orthop Surg, 2024, 16(9): 2221-2229.
26. 秦泗河. Ilizarov技术与骨科自然重建理念. 中国矫形外科杂志, 2007, 15(8): 595-596.
27. Zhang Y, Wang J, Jiao B, et al. Analysis of functional outcomes and complications of tibial bone defects treated with Ilizarov bone transport technique. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 2025, 26(1): 198. doi: 10.1186/s12891-025-08454-w.
28. 焦绍锋, 秦泗河, 王振军, 等. Ilizarov技术治疗四肢畸形并发症分析. 中华骨科杂志, 2012, 32(3): 245-248.
29. 陈建文, 秦泗河. Ilizarov技术矫治马蹄足畸形的临床应用进展. 中国矫形外科杂志, 2010, 18(1): 53-57.
30. 王林, 吴学建, 王顺利, 等. Ilizarov技术治疗原发性骨肿瘤保肢术后感染的疗效评价. 中国修复重建外科杂志, 2016, 30(12): 1452-1456.
31. Li W, Liu L, Shi X, et al. Ilizarov technique combined with sequential Ortho Bridge System for treating infected large segmental bone defects of the femur. Asian J Surg, 2024. doi: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2024.08.277.
32. Tan F, Yang C, Zeng J, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis: comparing the efficacy of the Ilizarov technique alone with lengthening over a nail for lower extremity bone defects. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 2024, 25(1): 699. doi: 10.1186/s12891-024-07799-y.
33. Lim JA, Thahir A, Zhou AK, et al. Definitive management of open pilon fractures with fine wire fixation. Injury, 2020, 51(11): 2717-2722.
34. Shaikh SA, Tanveer DMO, Tahir M, et al. Ilizarov versus ORIF for open AO type-C Pilon fractures. Pak J Med Sci, 2024, 40(10): 2213-2218.
35. 段修芳, 侯致典, 潘维亮, 等. 胫骨Pilon骨折前外侧钢板联合内侧微创钢板接骨. 中国矫形外科杂志, 2024, 32(8): 685-690.
36. 甘廷江, 李亚星, 陈宇, 等. 经关节内矫正截骨术治疗中青年陈旧性胫骨pilon骨折的疗效分析. 中华创伤骨科杂志, 2025, 27(1): 25-31.
37. Chen Y, Li Y, Ouyang X, et al. Ankle joint salvage and reconstruction by limited ORIF combined with an Ilizarov external fixator for complex open tibial pilon fractures (AO 43-C3.3) with segmental bone defects. BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 2022, 23(1): 97. doi: 10.1186/s12891-022-05060-y.
38. 浦绍全, 徐永清, 吕乾, 等. 牛鼻子引流技术结合Ilizarov环形外固定一期治疗Gustilo Ⅲ A型Pilon骨折. 中国修复重建外科杂志, 2021, 35(2): 195-199.
39. Iliopoulos E, Morrissey N, Cho S, et al. Outcomes of the Ilizarov frame use in elderly patients. J Orthop Sci, 2017, 22(4): 783-786.
40. Nozaka K, Miyakoshi N, Saito H, et al. Effectiveness of Ilizarov external fixation in elderly patients with pilon fractures. J Orthop Sci, 2021, 26(2): 254-260.
41. Debnath UK, Maripuri SN, Guha AR, et al. Open grade Ⅲ “floating ankle” injuries: a report of eight cases with review of literature. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg, 2007, 127(8): 625-631.
42. 徐天宇, 陈默迪, 谢明茹, 等. 内, 外踝韧带缺损对邻近核心肌腱生物力学影响的有限元分析. 中国组织工程研究, 2025, 29(33): 7223-7230.
43. 夏海, 丁玉峰, 李本英, 等. 腓骨头复合组织瓣重建小儿外踝骨和软组织缺损. 中华显微外科杂志, 2021, 44(2): 171-174.
44. 杜全红, 史永安, 丛海波, 等. 游离髂骨移植重建外踝的临床研究. 中华创伤骨科杂志, 2016, 18(6): 493-497.
45. 王朝辉, 高峻青, 詹晓欢, 等. 一期清创联合二期Ilizarov骨搬运技术修复创伤后外踝缺损. 中国修复重建外科杂志, 2019, 33(7): 865-870.
46. 王巨鹏. 外固定支架用于跟骨关节内骨折的治疗进展. 现代诊断与治疗, 2022, 33(4): 494-497.
47. Zhang Q, Rehemutula A, Maitudi M, et al. Surgical treatment of infectious severe calcaneal bone defects in children by the Ilizarov technique. Injury, 2025, 56(4): 112224. doi: 10.1016/j.injury.2025.112224.
48. Pelc M, Hryniuk W, Bobiński A, et al. Assessment of function in patients after calcaneal fracture treatment with the Ilizarov method. J Clin Med, 2024, 13(16): 4671. doi: 10.3390/jcm13164671.
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