Early recognition and intervention strategy of perioperative cardiopulmonary complications in elderly patients with lung cancer_Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Authors：

SONG Yuhao ¹ , TIAN Wenxin ² , LI Donghang ² , WU Jiangyu ¹ , YU Hanbo ² , TONG Hongfeng ² , SUN Yaoguang ² ,  JIAO Peng ²

1. Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, P. R. China;
2. Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100005, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

JIAO Peng, Email: jp_bird@126.com

Keywords：

The elderly; lung cancer surgery; cardiopulmonary complications; early recognition; intervention strategy; prehabilitation; enhanced recovery after surgery; artificial intelligence prediction model

DOI：

10.7507/1007-4848.202508058

Video：

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[Abstract ]Elderly patients with lung cancer have a significantly increased risk of perioperative cardiopulmonary complications due to physiological decline, high incidence of complications and reduced surgical tolerance, which directly affects postoperative recovery and long-term survival. Although the concepts of minimally invasive surgery and enhanced recovery after surgery have improved clinical outcomes, early recognition and intervention of postoperative complications in elderly patients remains a significant challenge in the field of thoracic surgery. By integrating recent literature and clinical practice, this paper systematically analyzes the pathophysiological mechanism and risk factors of perioperative cardiopulmonary complications in elderly patients with lung cancer, and discusses individualized intervention strategies based on risk stratification and multidisciplinary team, in order to provide theoretical basis and practical guidance for optimizing perioperative management and improving postoperative prognosis in elderly patients.

1.	Diao X, Guo C, Jin Y, et al. Cancer situation in China: an analysis based on the global epidemiological data released in 2024. Cancer Commun (Lond), 2025, 45(2): 178-197.
2.	Decoster L, Camidge DR, Gomes F, et al. Targeted therapy for older patients with an oncogene driven non-small cell lung cancer: recommendations from a SIOG expert group. Lung Cancer, 2025, 200: 108087.
3.	Puelacher C, Lurati Buse G, Mueller C, et al. Perioperative myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery: incidence, mortality, and characterization. Circulation, 2018, 137(12): 1221-1232.
4.	Chen Q, Ying S, Zhang L, et al. Optimization of treatment strategies for elderly patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Front Oncol, 2024, 14: 1384906.
5.	Yin L, Xu R, Qiang G, et al. Predictors for acute exacerbation of interstitial pneumonia following lung cancer surgery: a multicenter study. BMC Pulm Med, 2024, 24(1): 377.
6.	Ford ES, Croft JB, Giles WH, et al. COPD surveillance--United States, 1999-2011. Chest, 2013, 144(1): 284-305.
7.	Sha Y, Cai Y, Fu J, et al. Threshold effect of non-high-density lipoprotein to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and hypertension in U. S. adults: NHANES 2005-2016. Medicine (Baltimore), 2025, 104(8): e41585.
8.	Zhang H, Shi H. Construction of a prediction model for coronary heart disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study. Sci Rep, 2025, 15(1): 7003.
9.	Huang L, Zeng J, Zeng Y, et al. The comorbidity burden of diabetes and stroke: a retrospective study in Beijing, China. BMC Public Health, 2025, 25(1): 546.
10.	Restrepo RD, Braverman J. Current challenges in the recognition, prevention and treatment of perioperative pulmonary atelectasis. Expert Rev Respir Med, 2015, 9(1): 97-107.
11.	Wang J, Deng N, Hu H, et al. The effectiveness of postoperative rehabilitation interventions that include breathing exercises to prevent pulmonary atelectasis in lung cancer resection patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pulm Med, 2023, 23(1): 276.
12.	Mueller MR, Marzluf BA. The anticipation and management of air leaks and residual spaces post lung resection. J Thorac Dis, 2014, 6(3): 271-84.
13.	Hoeijmakers F, Hartemink KJ, Wouters MWJM, et al. Variation in incidence, prevention and treatment of persistent air leak after lung cancer surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2021, 61(1): 110-117.
14.	Chughtai M, Gwam CU, Mont MA, et al. The epidemiology and risk factors for postoperative pneumonia. J Clin Med Res, 2017, 9(6): 466-475.
15.	Bian H, Liu M, Chen J, et al. Seven preoperative factors have strong predictive value for postoperative pneumonia in patients undergoing thoracoscopic lung cancer surgery. Transl Lung Cancer Res, 2023, 12(11): 2193-2208.
16.	Miskovic A, Lumb AB. Postoperative pulmonary complications. Br J Anaesth, 2017, 118(3): 317-334.
17.	Verma A, Tran Z, Benharash P, et al. Hospital variation in the development of respiratory failure after pulmonary lobectomy: a national analysis. Surgery, 2022, 172(1): 379-384.
18.	Gong J, Wang X, Zhang Z, et al. Risk factors and survival analysis of arrhythmia following lung cancer surgery: a retrospective study. J Thorac Dis, 2021, 13(2): 847-860.
19.	Smilowitz NR, Banco D, Berger JS, et al. Association between heart failure and perioperative outcomes in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes, 2021, 7(1): 68-75.
20.	Kirkopoulos A, M'Pembele R, Roth S, et al. Outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure undergoing non-cardiac surgery: a secondary analysis of the METREPAIR international cohort study. Anaesthesia, 2025, 80(8): 927-934.
21.	Shelley B, Glass A, Keast T, et al. Perioperative cardiovascular pathophysiology in patients undergoing lung resection surgery: a narrative review. Br J Anaesth, 2023, 130(1): e66-e79.
22.	Devereaux PJ, Chan MT, Yusuf S, et al. Association between postoperative troponin levels and 30-day mortality among patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. JAMA, 2012, 307(21): 2295-304.
23.	张慧玲, 郑志博, 梁乃新, 等. 老年患者胸腔镜肺切除术后并发症的影响因素研究. 协和医学杂志, 2025.Zhang HL, Zheng ZB, Liang NX, et al. Factors influencing the incidence of complications after thoracoscopic pulmonary resection in elderly patients. Med J PUMCH, 2025.
24.	Saftic I, Bille A, Pilling J, et al. Risks and rewards of the surgical treatment of lung cancer in octogenarians. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 2021, 33(6): 905-912.
25.	Hedenstierna G, Tokics L, Öhrvik J, et al. Higher age and obesity limit atelectasis formation during anaesthesia: an analysis of computed tomography data in 243 subjects. Br J Anaesth, 2020, 124(3): 336-344.
26.	Dezube AR, Dolan DP, Rochefort MM, et al. Risk factors for prolonged air leak and need for intervention following lung resection. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 2022, 34(2): 212-218.
27.	Yao L, Luo J, Zhang C, et al. Risk factors for postoperative pneumonia and prognosis in lung cancer patients after surgery: a retrospective study. Medicine (Baltimore), 2021, 100(13): e25295.
28.	季凤俊, 刘伟, 景仕银, 等. 非小细胞肺癌病人腔镜术后心脏并发症发生的影响因素分析及预测模型构建. 临床外科杂志, 2024, 32(10): 1040-1043.Ji FJ, Liu W, Jing SY, et al. Analysis of influencing factors and construction of prediction model for cardiac complications in patients wit non-small cell lung cancer after endoscopic surgery. J Clin Surg, 2024, 32(10): 1040-1043.
29.	Frendl G, Sodickson AC, Adler D, et al. 2014 AATS guidelines for the prevention and management of perioperative atrial fibrillation and flutter for thoracic surgical procedures. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2014, 148(3): e153-e193.
30.	Lee J, Kong S, Park HY, et al. Wearable device-based intervention for promoting patient physical activity after lung cancer surgery: a nonrandomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open, 2024, 7(9): e2434180.
31.	Bayram AS, Candan T, Gebitekin C. Preoperative maximal exercise oxygen consumption test predicts postoperative pulmonary morbidity following major lung resection. Respirology, 2007, 12(4): 505-510.
32.	Brunelli A, Salati M, Falcoz PE, et al. European risk models for morbidity (EuroLung1) and mortality (EuroLung2) to predict outcome following anatomic lung resections: an analysis from the European Society of Thoracic Surgeons database. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2017, 51(3): 490-497.
33.	Fernandez FG, Kosinski AS, Kozower BD, et al. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Lung Cancer Resection Risk Model: higher quality data and superior outcomes. Ann Thorac Surg, 2016, 102(2): 370-377.
34.	Endo S, Ikeda N, Miyata H, et al. Model of lung cancer surgery risk derived from a Japanese nationwide web-based database of 78 594 patients during 2014-2015. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2017, 52(6): 1182-1189.
35.	Rezaian S, Asadi Gharabaghi M, Gholamzadeh M, et al. Concordance between ARISCAT risk score and cardiopulmonary exercise test values in risk prediction of postoperative pulmonary complications of major abdominal surgeries in a tertiary cancer hospital: a cross-sectional study. Health Sci Rep, 2023, 6(12): e1740.
36.	Bradley A, Marshall A, Naidu B, et al. Thoracoscore fails to predict complications following elective lung resection. Eur Respir J, 2012, 40(6): 1496-1501.
37.	邓婷, 宋佳美, 李金, 等. 肺癌术后肺部并发症风险预测模型的研究进展. 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志, 2025, 32(2): 263-269.Deng T, Song JM, Li J, et al. Research progress on risk prediction models of postoperative pulmonary complications after lung cancer surgery. Chin J Thoracic Cardiovasc Surg, 2025, 32(2): 263-269.
38.	Zhou CM, Xue Q, Zhu Y, et al. A predictive model for post-thoracoscopic surgery pulmonary complications based on the PBNN algorithm. Sci Rep, 2024, 14(1): 7035.
39.	National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Older Adult Oncology(Version 2.2025).
40.	Lorenz WR, Holland AM, Heniford BT, et al. The benefits of preoperative smoking cessation on abdominal wall reconstruction outcomes: an examination of abstinent versus never smokers. Am J Surg, 2024, 238: 115843.
41.	Melani AS, Croce S, Bargagli E, et al. Inhaled corticosteroids in subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: an old, unfinished history. Biomolecules, 2024, 14(2): 195.
42.	Chen B, Yan X, Mao Y, et al. Effectiveness of precise and quantitative rapid pulmonary rehabilitation nursing program for elderly patients with lung cancer during the perioperative period: a randomized controlled trial. Pak J Med Sci, 2023, 39(2): 572-577.
43.	Saito T, Ono R, Sakai Y, et al. The effect of home-based preoperative pulmonary rehabilitation before lung resection: a retrospective cohort study. Lung Cancer, 2021, 162: 135-139.
44.	Maheshwari K, Malhotra G, Bao X, et al. Assisted fluid management software guidance for intraoperative fluid administration. Anesthesiology, 2021, 135(2): 273-283.
45.	Wang S, Zhu H, Zhang W, et al. Effect of age on postoperative 24-hour moderate-to-severe pain after radical resection of lung cancer-specific pain in the post-anaesthesia care unit: a single-centre retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open, 2024, 14(8): e085702.
46.	Ren J, Li Z, Tao J, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of breathing exercises effects on lung function and quality of life in postoperative lung cancer patients. J Thorac Dis, 2024, 16(7): 4295-4309.
47.	Sanft T, Day AT, Ansbaugh SM, et al. NCCN Guidelines® insights: survivorship, Version 2. 2025. J Natl Compr Canc Netw, 2025, 23(6): 208-217.
48.	Xiao J, Peng Y, Luo W, et al. Exploring the symptoms and psychological experiences among lung cancer convalescence patients after radical lobectomy: a qualitative study. Cancer Med, 2024, 13(15): e70048.
49.	Granger CL, Edbrooke L, Parry SM, et al. Home-based exercise and self-management after lung cancer resection: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open, 2024, 7(12): e2447325.
50.	Dong J, Zhu X. The effect of enhanced recovery after lung cancer surgery combined with fine surgical nursing on rehabilitation. J Pak Med Assoc, 2024, 74(5): 874-879.
51.	Du J, Wu C, Wu X, et al. Effectiveness of enhanced recovery after surgery-based respiratory function exercise in elderly patients with lung cancer and its effect on postoperative functional recovery. Altern Ther Health Med, 2023, 29(6): 56-61.
52.	Kaprin A, Pikin O, Garifullin A, et al. Surgical intervention for lung cancer in patients aged 75 and above: potential associations with increased mortality rates-a single-center observational study. J Cardiothorac Surg, 2024, 19(1): 471.
53.	Zhu W, Yang J, Tan H, et al. Effect of perioperative factors on short-term outcomes in patients with non-small cell lung cancer over 60 years of age. Int J Gen Med, 2024, 17: 5453-5464.

1. Diao X, Guo C, Jin Y, et al. Cancer situation in China: an analysis based on the global epidemiological data released in 2024. Cancer Commun (Lond), 2025, 45(2): 178-197.
2. Decoster L, Camidge DR, Gomes F, et al. Targeted therapy for older patients with an oncogene driven non-small cell lung cancer: recommendations from a SIOG expert group. Lung Cancer, 2025, 200: 108087.
3. Puelacher C, Lurati Buse G, Mueller C, et al. Perioperative myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery: incidence, mortality, and characterization. Circulation, 2018, 137(12): 1221-1232.
4. Chen Q, Ying S, Zhang L, et al. Optimization of treatment strategies for elderly patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Front Oncol, 2024, 14: 1384906.
5. Yin L, Xu R, Qiang G, et al. Predictors for acute exacerbation of interstitial pneumonia following lung cancer surgery: a multicenter study. BMC Pulm Med, 2024, 24(1): 377.
6. Ford ES, Croft JB, Giles WH, et al. COPD surveillance--United States, 1999-2011. Chest, 2013, 144(1): 284-305.
7. Sha Y, Cai Y, Fu J, et al. Threshold effect of non-high-density lipoprotein to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and hypertension in U. S. adults: NHANES 2005-2016. Medicine (Baltimore), 2025, 104(8): e41585.
8. Zhang H, Shi H. Construction of a prediction model for coronary heart disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a cross-sectional study. Sci Rep, 2025, 15(1): 7003.
9. Huang L, Zeng J, Zeng Y, et al. The comorbidity burden of diabetes and stroke: a retrospective study in Beijing, China. BMC Public Health, 2025, 25(1): 546.
10. Restrepo RD, Braverman J. Current challenges in the recognition, prevention and treatment of perioperative pulmonary atelectasis. Expert Rev Respir Med, 2015, 9(1): 97-107.
11. Wang J, Deng N, Hu H, et al. The effectiveness of postoperative rehabilitation interventions that include breathing exercises to prevent pulmonary atelectasis in lung cancer resection patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pulm Med, 2023, 23(1): 276.
12. Mueller MR, Marzluf BA. The anticipation and management of air leaks and residual spaces post lung resection. J Thorac Dis, 2014, 6(3): 271-84.
13. Hoeijmakers F, Hartemink KJ, Wouters MWJM, et al. Variation in incidence, prevention and treatment of persistent air leak after lung cancer surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2021, 61(1): 110-117.
14. Chughtai M, Gwam CU, Mont MA, et al. The epidemiology and risk factors for postoperative pneumonia. J Clin Med Res, 2017, 9(6): 466-475.
15. Bian H, Liu M, Chen J, et al. Seven preoperative factors have strong predictive value for postoperative pneumonia in patients undergoing thoracoscopic lung cancer surgery. Transl Lung Cancer Res, 2023, 12(11): 2193-2208.
16. Miskovic A, Lumb AB. Postoperative pulmonary complications. Br J Anaesth, 2017, 118(3): 317-334.
17. Verma A, Tran Z, Benharash P, et al. Hospital variation in the development of respiratory failure after pulmonary lobectomy: a national analysis. Surgery, 2022, 172(1): 379-384.
18. Gong J, Wang X, Zhang Z, et al. Risk factors and survival analysis of arrhythmia following lung cancer surgery: a retrospective study. J Thorac Dis, 2021, 13(2): 847-860.
19. Smilowitz NR, Banco D, Berger JS, et al. Association between heart failure and perioperative outcomes in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes, 2021, 7(1): 68-75.
20. Kirkopoulos A, M'Pembele R, Roth S, et al. Outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure undergoing non-cardiac surgery: a secondary analysis of the METREPAIR international cohort study. Anaesthesia, 2025, 80(8): 927-934.
21. Shelley B, Glass A, Keast T, et al. Perioperative cardiovascular pathophysiology in patients undergoing lung resection surgery: a narrative review. Br J Anaesth, 2023, 130(1): e66-e79.
22. Devereaux PJ, Chan MT, Yusuf S, et al. Association between postoperative troponin levels and 30-day mortality among patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. JAMA, 2012, 307(21): 2295-304.
23. 张慧玲, 郑志博, 梁乃新, 等. 老年患者胸腔镜肺切除术后并发症的影响因素研究. 协和医学杂志, 2025.Zhang HL, Zheng ZB, Liang NX, et al. Factors influencing the incidence of complications after thoracoscopic pulmonary resection in elderly patients. Med J PUMCH, 2025.
24. Saftic I, Bille A, Pilling J, et al. Risks and rewards of the surgical treatment of lung cancer in octogenarians. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 2021, 33(6): 905-912.
25. Hedenstierna G, Tokics L, Öhrvik J, et al. Higher age and obesity limit atelectasis formation during anaesthesia: an analysis of computed tomography data in 243 subjects. Br J Anaesth, 2020, 124(3): 336-344.
26. Dezube AR, Dolan DP, Rochefort MM, et al. Risk factors for prolonged air leak and need for intervention following lung resection. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, 2022, 34(2): 212-218.
27. Yao L, Luo J, Zhang C, et al. Risk factors for postoperative pneumonia and prognosis in lung cancer patients after surgery: a retrospective study. Medicine (Baltimore), 2021, 100(13): e25295.
28. 季凤俊, 刘伟, 景仕银, 等. 非小细胞肺癌病人腔镜术后心脏并发症发生的影响因素分析及预测模型构建. 临床外科杂志, 2024, 32(10): 1040-1043.Ji FJ, Liu W, Jing SY, et al. Analysis of influencing factors and construction of prediction model for cardiac complications in patients wit non-small cell lung cancer after endoscopic surgery. J Clin Surg, 2024, 32(10): 1040-1043.
29. Frendl G, Sodickson AC, Adler D, et al. 2014 AATS guidelines for the prevention and management of perioperative atrial fibrillation and flutter for thoracic surgical procedures. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 2014, 148(3): e153-e193.
30. Lee J, Kong S, Park HY, et al. Wearable device-based intervention for promoting patient physical activity after lung cancer surgery: a nonrandomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open, 2024, 7(9): e2434180.
31. Bayram AS, Candan T, Gebitekin C. Preoperative maximal exercise oxygen consumption test predicts postoperative pulmonary morbidity following major lung resection. Respirology, 2007, 12(4): 505-510.
32. Brunelli A, Salati M, Falcoz PE, et al. European risk models for morbidity (EuroLung1) and mortality (EuroLung2) to predict outcome following anatomic lung resections: an analysis from the European Society of Thoracic Surgeons database. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2017, 51(3): 490-497.
33. Fernandez FG, Kosinski AS, Kozower BD, et al. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons Lung Cancer Resection Risk Model: higher quality data and superior outcomes. Ann Thorac Surg, 2016, 102(2): 370-377.
34. Endo S, Ikeda N, Miyata H, et al. Model of lung cancer surgery risk derived from a Japanese nationwide web-based database of 78 594 patients during 2014-2015. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg, 2017, 52(6): 1182-1189.
35. Rezaian S, Asadi Gharabaghi M, Gholamzadeh M, et al. Concordance between ARISCAT risk score and cardiopulmonary exercise test values in risk prediction of postoperative pulmonary complications of major abdominal surgeries in a tertiary cancer hospital: a cross-sectional study. Health Sci Rep, 2023, 6(12): e1740.
36. Bradley A, Marshall A, Naidu B, et al. Thoracoscore fails to predict complications following elective lung resection. Eur Respir J, 2012, 40(6): 1496-1501.
37. 邓婷, 宋佳美, 李金, 等. 肺癌术后肺部并发症风险预测模型的研究进展. 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志, 2025, 32(2): 263-269.Deng T, Song JM, Li J, et al. Research progress on risk prediction models of postoperative pulmonary complications after lung cancer surgery. Chin J Thoracic Cardiovasc Surg, 2025, 32(2): 263-269.
38. Zhou CM, Xue Q, Zhu Y, et al. A predictive model for post-thoracoscopic surgery pulmonary complications based on the PBNN algorithm. Sci Rep, 2024, 14(1): 7035.
39. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Older Adult Oncology(Version 2.2025).
40. Lorenz WR, Holland AM, Heniford BT, et al. The benefits of preoperative smoking cessation on abdominal wall reconstruction outcomes: an examination of abstinent versus never smokers. Am J Surg, 2024, 238: 115843.
41. Melani AS, Croce S, Bargagli E, et al. Inhaled corticosteroids in subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: an old, unfinished history. Biomolecules, 2024, 14(2): 195.
42. Chen B, Yan X, Mao Y, et al. Effectiveness of precise and quantitative rapid pulmonary rehabilitation nursing program for elderly patients with lung cancer during the perioperative period: a randomized controlled trial. Pak J Med Sci, 2023, 39(2): 572-577.
43. Saito T, Ono R, Sakai Y, et al. The effect of home-based preoperative pulmonary rehabilitation before lung resection: a retrospective cohort study. Lung Cancer, 2021, 162: 135-139.
44. Maheshwari K, Malhotra G, Bao X, et al. Assisted fluid management software guidance for intraoperative fluid administration. Anesthesiology, 2021, 135(2): 273-283.
45. Wang S, Zhu H, Zhang W, et al. Effect of age on postoperative 24-hour moderate-to-severe pain after radical resection of lung cancer-specific pain in the post-anaesthesia care unit: a single-centre retrospective cohort study. BMJ Open, 2024, 14(8): e085702.
46. Ren J, Li Z, Tao J, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of breathing exercises effects on lung function and quality of life in postoperative lung cancer patients. J Thorac Dis, 2024, 16(7): 4295-4309.
47. Sanft T, Day AT, Ansbaugh SM, et al. NCCN Guidelines® insights: survivorship, Version 2. 2025. J Natl Compr Canc Netw, 2025, 23(6): 208-217.
48. Xiao J, Peng Y, Luo W, et al. Exploring the symptoms and psychological experiences among lung cancer convalescence patients after radical lobectomy: a qualitative study. Cancer Med, 2024, 13(15): e70048.
49. Granger CL, Edbrooke L, Parry SM, et al. Home-based exercise and self-management after lung cancer resection: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open, 2024, 7(12): e2447325.
50. Dong J, Zhu X. The effect of enhanced recovery after lung cancer surgery combined with fine surgical nursing on rehabilitation. J Pak Med Assoc, 2024, 74(5): 874-879.
51. Du J, Wu C, Wu X, et al. Effectiveness of enhanced recovery after surgery-based respiratory function exercise in elderly patients with lung cancer and its effect on postoperative functional recovery. Altern Ther Health Med, 2023, 29(6): 56-61.
52. Kaprin A, Pikin O, Garifullin A, et al. Surgical intervention for lung cancer in patients aged 75 and above: potential associations with increased mortality rates-a single-center observational study. J Cardiothorac Surg, 2024, 19(1): 471.
53. Zhu W, Yang J, Tan H, et al. Effect of perioperative factors on short-term outcomes in patients with non-small cell lung cancer over 60 years of age. Int J Gen Med, 2024, 17: 5453-5464.

Chinese Journal of Clinical Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery

Latest ArticlesEarly recognition and intervention strategy of perioperative cardiopulmonary complications in elderly patients with lung cancer

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