Advancements in the treatment of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma_CHINESE JOURNAL OF BASES AND CLINICS IN GENERAL SURGERY

Authors：

YANG Guang , ZHENG Xun ,  WEI Tao

Division of Thyroid Surgery, Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, P. R. China;

Corresponding author：

WEI Tao, Email: surgeonwei5776@163.com

Keywords：

papillary thyroid microcarcinoma; surgical treatment; active surveillance; ablation therapy

DOI：

10.7507/1007-9424.202502045

Video：

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Abstract Full text Figures/Tables Video References Cited by

Objective To summarize the research progress in the treatment of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma, and provide rationalized treatment strategies for patients with PTMC. Methods Retrieved and reviewed relevant literatures about the treatment of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma in recent years both at home and abroad. Results Low-risk and high-risk PTMC differ markedly in biological characteristics and prognosis and should be treated differently. For high-risk PTMC, surgery is the primary treatment, supplemented by endocrine and radioiodine therapy. Various options are available for low-risk PTMC, including surgery, active surveillance, and ablative therapy. Surgery is the preferred option with clear efficacy and diversified surgical options. However, there are surgical risks and postoperative complications. Active surveillance avoids surgical and/or postoperative complications. Thermal ablation is minimally invasive with a low impact on thyroid function. Still, both active surveillance and thermal ablation lack the results of large samples with long-term follow-up to validate effectiveness and safety. Conclusions Stratified management should be applied to PTMC. High-risk PTMC should be treated surgically. All three treatment options of low-risk PTMC have advantages and disadvantages, which should be considered in conjunction with the patient's wishes. After careful assessments and fully informed communications with patients, doctors and patients work together to develop a rationalized and individualized PTMC treatment strategy.

1.	殷德涛, 赵乾. 全球及中国甲状腺癌的发病特征及趋势. 中国普外基础与临床杂志, 2025, 32(6): 687-693.
2.	Boucai L, Zafereo M, Cabanillas ME. Thyroid cancer: a review. JAMA, 2024, 331(5): 425-435.
3.	Baloch ZW, Asa SL, Barletta JA, et al. Overview of the 2022 WHO classification of thyroid neoplasms. Endocr Pathol, 2022, 33(1): 27-63.
4.	高明, 葛明华, 嵇庆海, 等. 甲状腺微小乳头状癌诊断与治疗中国专家共识 (2016版). 中国肿瘤临床, 2016, 43(10): 405-411.
5.	Al-Qurayshi Z, Nilubol N, Tufano RP, et al. Wolf in sheep's clothing: papillary thyroid microcarcinoma in the US. J Am Coll Surg, 2020, 230(4): 484-491.
6.	Pasqual E, Sosa JA, Chen Y, et al. Trends in the management of localized papillary thyroid carcinoma in the United States (2000-2018). Thyroid, 2022, 32(4): 397-410.
7.	中华人民共和国国家卫生健康委员会医政医管局. 甲状腺癌诊疗指南 (2022年版). 中国实用外科杂志, 2022, 42(12): 1343-1357,1363.
8.	岳林先, 陈琴. 甲状腺微小乳头状癌的诊治进展. 实用医院临床杂志, 2020, 17(5): 243-248.
9.	刘晓楠, 邸旭, 张强, 等. 低风险甲状腺微小乳头状癌的诊治进展. 中国实用外科杂志, 2023, 43(2): 231-234.
10.	Miyauchi A, Ito Y, Oda H. Insights into the management of papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid. Thyroid, 2018, 28(1): 23-31.
11.	Ito Y, Miyauchi A, Kihara M, et al. Patient age is significantly related to the progression of papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid under observation. Thyroid, 2014, 24(1): 27-34.
12.	Haugen BR, Alexander EK, Bible KC, et al. 2015 American thyroid association management guidelines for adult patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer: the American thyroid association guidelines task force on thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid, 2016, 26(1): 1-133.
13.	中华医学会内分泌学分会, 中华医学会外科学分会甲状腺及代谢外科学组, 中国抗癌协会头颈肿瘤专业委员会, 等. 甲状腺结节和分化型甲状腺癌诊治指南 (第二版). 中华内分泌代谢杂志, 2023, 39(3): 181-226.
14.	Filetti S, Durante C, Hartl D, et al. Thyroid cancer: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol, 2019, 30(12): 1856-1883.
15.	Lee EK, Moon JH, Hwangbo Y, et al. Progression of low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma during active surveillance: interim analysis of a multicenter prospective cohort study of active surveillance on papillary thyroid microcarcinoma in Korea. Thyroid, 2022, 32(11): 1328-1336.
16.	Pérez-Soto RH, Velázquez-Fernández D, Arellano-Gutiérrez G, et al. Preoperative and postoperative risk stratification of thyroid papillary microcarcinoma: a comparative study between kuma criteria and 2015 American thyroid association guidelines risk stratification. Thyroid, 2020, 30(6): 857-862.
17.	田文, 阳泽龙. 甲状腺乳头状癌流行病学及诊疗焦点探讨. 西安交通大学学报 (医学版), 2024, 45(1): 44-48.
18.	何高飞, 姜金汐, 褚俊杰, 等. 改良无充气经单侧锁骨下入路腔镜甲状腺全切除术治疗甲状腺乳头状癌的临床分析. 西安交通大学学报 (医学版), 2024, 45(1): 80-86.
19.	Kim SK, Kang SY, Youn HJ, et al. Comparison of conventional thyroidectomy and endoscopic thyroidectomy via axillo-bilateral breast approach in papillary thyroid carcinoma patients. Surg Endosc, 2016, 30(8): 3419-3425.
20.	Jeong JJ, Kang SW, Yun JS, et al. Comparative study of endoscopic thyroidectomy versus conventional open thyroidectomy in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) patients. J Surg Oncol, 2009, 100(6): 477-480.
21.	赫捷, 李进, 程颖, 等. 中国临床肿瘤学会 (CSCO) 分化型甲状腺癌诊疗指南2021. 肿瘤预防与治疗, 2021, 34(12): 1164-1201.
22.	Chang YW, Kim HS, Kim HY, et al. Should central lymph node dissection be considered for all papillary thyroid microcarcinoma?. Asian J Surg, 2016, 39(4): 197-201.
23.	So YK, Seo MY, Son YI. Prophylactic central lymph node dissection for clinically node-negative papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: influence on serum thyroglobulin level, recurrence rate, and postoperative complications. Surgery, 2012, 151(2): 192-198.
24.	Haddad RI, Bischoff L, Ball D, et al. Thyroid carcinoma, version 2. 2022, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw, 2022, 20(8): 925-951.
25.	Zheng X, Peng C, Gao M, et al. Risk factors for cervical lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: a study of 1, 587 patients. Cancer Biol Med, 2019, 16(1): 121-130.
26.	Zhang L, Liu Z, Liu Y, et al. The clinical prognosis of patients with cN0 papillary thyroid microcarcinoma by central neck dissection. World J Surg Oncol, 2015, 13: 138. doi: 10.1186/s12957-015-0553-2.
27.	陈曦, 陈海珍. 甲状腺乳头状癌行预防性中央区淋巴结清扫的纷争. 中华普外科手术学杂志 (电子版), 2018, 12(6): 458-461.
28.	王存川, 陈志强, 李进义. 内镜治疗甲状腺疾病. 腹腔镜外科杂志, 2011, 16(8): 567-571.
29.	Huo J, Xu Y, Yu J, et al. Endoscopic thyroidectomy via areola approach for stage T1 papillary thyroid carcinoma: feasibility, safety, and oncologic outcomes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2023, 14: 1212490. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1212490.
30.	Oh MY, Chai YJ, Yu HW, et al. Transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach as a safe and feasible alternative to open thyroidectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Surg, 2023, 109(8): 2467-2477.
31.	Ding Y, Qiu C, Zhu C, et al. Comparison of gasless transaxillary endoscopic thyroidectomy, endoscopic thyroidectomy via areola approach and conventional open thyroidectomy in patients with unilateral papillary thyroid carcinoma. World J Surg Oncol, 2024, 22(1): 148. doi: 10.1186/s12957-024-03433-2.
32.	Kang SW, Jeong JJ, Yun JS, et al. Robot-assisted endoscopic surgery for thyroid cancer: experience with the first 100 patients. Surg Endosc, 2009, 23(11): 2399-2406.
33.	Kwak HY, Kim SH, Chae BJ, et al. Learning curve for gasless endoscopic thyroidectomy using the trans-axillary approach: CUSUM analysis of a single surgeon's experience. Int J Surg, 2014, 12(12): 1273-1277.
34.	Rabinovics N, Aidan P. Robotic transaxillary thyroid surgery. Gland Surg, 2015, 4(5): 397-402.
35.	赵文君, 于博, 王慧芳, 等. 低风险甲状腺微小乳头状癌积极监测的研究进展. 中国普外基础与临床杂志, 2021, 28(8): 1091-1097.
36.	Ito Y, Uruno T, Nakano K, et al. An observation trial without surgical treatment in patients with papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid. Thyroid, 2003, 13(4): 381-387.
37.	Sugitani I, Toda K, Yamada K, et al. Three distinctly different kinds of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma should be recognized: our treatment strategies and outcomes. World J Surg, 2010, 34(6): 1222-1231.
38.	Miyauchi A, Ito Y, Fujishima M, et al. Long-term outcomes of active surveillance and immediate surgery for adult patients with low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: 30-year experience. Thyroid, 2023, 33(7): 817-825.
39.	Sugitani I, Ito Y, Miyauchi A, et al. Active surveillance versus immediate surgery: questionnaire survey on the current treatment strategy for adult patients with low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma in Japan. Thyroid, 2019, 29(11): 1563-1571.
40.	Kwon H, Oh HS, Kim M, et al. Active surveillance for patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: a single center's experience in Korea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2017, 102(6): 1917-1925.
41.	Oh HS, Ha J, Kim HI, et al. Active surveillance of low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: a multi-center cohort study in Korea. Thyroid, 2018, 28(12): 1587-1594.
42.	Tuttle RM, Fagin JA, Minkowitz G, et al. Natural history and tumor volume kinetics of papillary thyroid cancers during active surveillance. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2017, 143(10): 1015-1020.
43.	Molinaro E, Campopiano MC, Pieruzzi L, et al. Active surveillance in papillary thyroid microcarcinomas is feasible and safe: experience at a single Italian center. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2020, 105(3): e172-e180.
44.	Sanabria A. Experience with active surveillance of thyroid low-risk carcinoma in a developing country. Thyroid, 2020, 30(7): 985-991.
45.	Liu W, Cao W, Dong Z, et al. Can active surveillance management be developed for patients with low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma? a preliminary investigation in a chinese population. Endocr Pract, 2022, 28(4): 391-397.
46.	Lin JF, Jonker PKC, Cunich M, et al. Surgery alone for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma is less costly and more effective than long term active surveillance. Surgery, 2020, 167(1): 110-116.
47.	Cho SJ, Suh CH, Baek JH, et al. Active surveillance for small papillary thyroid cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thyroid, 2019, 29(10): 1399-1408.
48.	中国抗癌协会肿瘤消融治疗专业委员会, 中国临床肿瘤学会 (CSCO) 肿瘤消融专家委员会, 中国医师协会介入医师分会肿瘤消融专业委员会, 等. 甲状腺乳头状癌热消融治疗专家共识 (2024版). 中华内科杂志, 2024, 63(4): 355-364.
49.	Lim HK, Cho SJ, Baek JH, et al. US-Guided radiofrequency ablation for low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: efficacy and safety in a large population. Korean J Radiol, 2019, 20(12): 1653-1661.
50.	Kim HJ, Chung SM, Kim H, et al. Long-Term efficacy of ultrasound-guided laser ablation for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: results of a 10-year retrospective study. Thyroid, 2021, 31(11): 1723-1729.
51.	Ji L, Wu Q, Gu J, et al. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous laser ablation for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: a retrospective analysis of 37 patients. Cancer Imaging, 2019, 19(1): 16. doi: 10.1186/s40644-019-0204-x.
52.	Yan L, Lan Y, Xiao J, et al. Long-term outcomes of radiofrequency ablation for unifocal low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: a large cohort study of 414 patients. Eur Radiol, 2021, 31(2): 685-694.
53.	Zhang M, Luo Y, Zhang Y, et al. Efficacy and safety of ultrasound-guided radiofrequency ablation for treating low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: a prospective study. Thyroid, 2016, 26(11): 1581-1587.
54.	Teng DK, Li WH, Du JR, et al. Effects of microwave ablation on papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: a five-year follow-up report. Thyroid, 2020, 30(12): 1752-1758.
55.	Cao XJ, Yu MA, Zhu YL, et al. Ultrasound-guided thermal ablation for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: a multicenter retrospective study. Int J Hyperthermia, 2021, 38(1): 916-922.
56.	张浩, 董文武. 射频消融治疗甲状腺癌的现状与思考. 中华外科杂志, 2017, 55(8): 574-578.
57.	Chou R, Dana T, Haymart M, et al. Active surveillance versus thyroid surgery for differentiated thyroid cancer: a systematic review. Thyroid, 2022, 32(4): 351-367.
58.	嵇庆海, 程若川, 田文, 等. 对《甲状腺乳头状癌热消融治疗专家共识 (2024版) 》部分内容的探讨. 中华耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志, 2024, 59(10): 1088-1093.

1. 殷德涛, 赵乾. 全球及中国甲状腺癌的发病特征及趋势. 中国普外基础与临床杂志, 2025, 32(6): 687-693.
2. Boucai L, Zafereo M, Cabanillas ME. Thyroid cancer: a review. JAMA, 2024, 331(5): 425-435.
3. Baloch ZW, Asa SL, Barletta JA, et al. Overview of the 2022 WHO classification of thyroid neoplasms. Endocr Pathol, 2022, 33(1): 27-63.
4. 高明, 葛明华, 嵇庆海, 等. 甲状腺微小乳头状癌诊断与治疗中国专家共识 (2016版). 中国肿瘤临床, 2016, 43(10): 405-411.
5. Al-Qurayshi Z, Nilubol N, Tufano RP, et al. Wolf in sheep's clothing: papillary thyroid microcarcinoma in the US. J Am Coll Surg, 2020, 230(4): 484-491.
6. Pasqual E, Sosa JA, Chen Y, et al. Trends in the management of localized papillary thyroid carcinoma in the United States (2000-2018). Thyroid, 2022, 32(4): 397-410.
7. 中华人民共和国国家卫生健康委员会医政医管局. 甲状腺癌诊疗指南 (2022年版). 中国实用外科杂志, 2022, 42(12): 1343-1357,1363.
8. 岳林先, 陈琴. 甲状腺微小乳头状癌的诊治进展. 实用医院临床杂志, 2020, 17(5): 243-248.
9. 刘晓楠, 邸旭, 张强, 等. 低风险甲状腺微小乳头状癌的诊治进展. 中国实用外科杂志, 2023, 43(2): 231-234.
10. Miyauchi A, Ito Y, Oda H. Insights into the management of papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid. Thyroid, 2018, 28(1): 23-31.
11. Ito Y, Miyauchi A, Kihara M, et al. Patient age is significantly related to the progression of papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid under observation. Thyroid, 2014, 24(1): 27-34.
12. Haugen BR, Alexander EK, Bible KC, et al. 2015 American thyroid association management guidelines for adult patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer: the American thyroid association guidelines task force on thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer. Thyroid, 2016, 26(1): 1-133.
13. 中华医学会内分泌学分会, 中华医学会外科学分会甲状腺及代谢外科学组, 中国抗癌协会头颈肿瘤专业委员会, 等. 甲状腺结节和分化型甲状腺癌诊治指南 (第二版). 中华内分泌代谢杂志, 2023, 39(3): 181-226.
14. Filetti S, Durante C, Hartl D, et al. Thyroid cancer: ESMO clinical practice guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol, 2019, 30(12): 1856-1883.
15. Lee EK, Moon JH, Hwangbo Y, et al. Progression of low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma during active surveillance: interim analysis of a multicenter prospective cohort study of active surveillance on papillary thyroid microcarcinoma in Korea. Thyroid, 2022, 32(11): 1328-1336.
16. Pérez-Soto RH, Velázquez-Fernández D, Arellano-Gutiérrez G, et al. Preoperative and postoperative risk stratification of thyroid papillary microcarcinoma: a comparative study between kuma criteria and 2015 American thyroid association guidelines risk stratification. Thyroid, 2020, 30(6): 857-862.
17. 田文, 阳泽龙. 甲状腺乳头状癌流行病学及诊疗焦点探讨. 西安交通大学学报 (医学版), 2024, 45(1): 44-48.
18. 何高飞, 姜金汐, 褚俊杰, 等. 改良无充气经单侧锁骨下入路腔镜甲状腺全切除术治疗甲状腺乳头状癌的临床分析. 西安交通大学学报 (医学版), 2024, 45(1): 80-86.
19. Kim SK, Kang SY, Youn HJ, et al. Comparison of conventional thyroidectomy and endoscopic thyroidectomy via axillo-bilateral breast approach in papillary thyroid carcinoma patients. Surg Endosc, 2016, 30(8): 3419-3425.
20. Jeong JJ, Kang SW, Yun JS, et al. Comparative study of endoscopic thyroidectomy versus conventional open thyroidectomy in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) patients. J Surg Oncol, 2009, 100(6): 477-480.
21. 赫捷, 李进, 程颖, 等. 中国临床肿瘤学会 (CSCO) 分化型甲状腺癌诊疗指南2021. 肿瘤预防与治疗, 2021, 34(12): 1164-1201.
22. Chang YW, Kim HS, Kim HY, et al. Should central lymph node dissection be considered for all papillary thyroid microcarcinoma?. Asian J Surg, 2016, 39(4): 197-201.
23. So YK, Seo MY, Son YI. Prophylactic central lymph node dissection for clinically node-negative papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: influence on serum thyroglobulin level, recurrence rate, and postoperative complications. Surgery, 2012, 151(2): 192-198.
24. Haddad RI, Bischoff L, Ball D, et al. Thyroid carcinoma, version 2. 2022, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw, 2022, 20(8): 925-951.
25. Zheng X, Peng C, Gao M, et al. Risk factors for cervical lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: a study of 1, 587 patients. Cancer Biol Med, 2019, 16(1): 121-130.
26. Zhang L, Liu Z, Liu Y, et al. The clinical prognosis of patients with cN0 papillary thyroid microcarcinoma by central neck dissection. World J Surg Oncol, 2015, 13: 138. doi: 10.1186/s12957-015-0553-2.
27. 陈曦, 陈海珍. 甲状腺乳头状癌行预防性中央区淋巴结清扫的纷争. 中华普外科手术学杂志 (电子版), 2018, 12(6): 458-461.
28. 王存川, 陈志强, 李进义. 内镜治疗甲状腺疾病. 腹腔镜外科杂志, 2011, 16(8): 567-571.
29. Huo J, Xu Y, Yu J, et al. Endoscopic thyroidectomy via areola approach for stage T1 papillary thyroid carcinoma: feasibility, safety, and oncologic outcomes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne), 2023, 14: 1212490. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1212490.
30. Oh MY, Chai YJ, Yu HW, et al. Transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach as a safe and feasible alternative to open thyroidectomy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Surg, 2023, 109(8): 2467-2477.
31. Ding Y, Qiu C, Zhu C, et al. Comparison of gasless transaxillary endoscopic thyroidectomy, endoscopic thyroidectomy via areola approach and conventional open thyroidectomy in patients with unilateral papillary thyroid carcinoma. World J Surg Oncol, 2024, 22(1): 148. doi: 10.1186/s12957-024-03433-2.
32. Kang SW, Jeong JJ, Yun JS, et al. Robot-assisted endoscopic surgery for thyroid cancer: experience with the first 100 patients. Surg Endosc, 2009, 23(11): 2399-2406.
33. Kwak HY, Kim SH, Chae BJ, et al. Learning curve for gasless endoscopic thyroidectomy using the trans-axillary approach: CUSUM analysis of a single surgeon's experience. Int J Surg, 2014, 12(12): 1273-1277.
34. Rabinovics N, Aidan P. Robotic transaxillary thyroid surgery. Gland Surg, 2015, 4(5): 397-402.
35. 赵文君, 于博, 王慧芳, 等. 低风险甲状腺微小乳头状癌积极监测的研究进展. 中国普外基础与临床杂志, 2021, 28(8): 1091-1097.
36. Ito Y, Uruno T, Nakano K, et al. An observation trial without surgical treatment in patients with papillary microcarcinoma of the thyroid. Thyroid, 2003, 13(4): 381-387.
37. Sugitani I, Toda K, Yamada K, et al. Three distinctly different kinds of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma should be recognized: our treatment strategies and outcomes. World J Surg, 2010, 34(6): 1222-1231.
38. Miyauchi A, Ito Y, Fujishima M, et al. Long-term outcomes of active surveillance and immediate surgery for adult patients with low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: 30-year experience. Thyroid, 2023, 33(7): 817-825.
39. Sugitani I, Ito Y, Miyauchi A, et al. Active surveillance versus immediate surgery: questionnaire survey on the current treatment strategy for adult patients with low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma in Japan. Thyroid, 2019, 29(11): 1563-1571.
40. Kwon H, Oh HS, Kim M, et al. Active surveillance for patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: a single center's experience in Korea. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2017, 102(6): 1917-1925.
41. Oh HS, Ha J, Kim HI, et al. Active surveillance of low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: a multi-center cohort study in Korea. Thyroid, 2018, 28(12): 1587-1594.
42. Tuttle RM, Fagin JA, Minkowitz G, et al. Natural history and tumor volume kinetics of papillary thyroid cancers during active surveillance. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg, 2017, 143(10): 1015-1020.
43. Molinaro E, Campopiano MC, Pieruzzi L, et al. Active surveillance in papillary thyroid microcarcinomas is feasible and safe: experience at a single Italian center. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2020, 105(3): e172-e180.
44. Sanabria A. Experience with active surveillance of thyroid low-risk carcinoma in a developing country. Thyroid, 2020, 30(7): 985-991.
45. Liu W, Cao W, Dong Z, et al. Can active surveillance management be developed for patients with low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma? a preliminary investigation in a chinese population. Endocr Pract, 2022, 28(4): 391-397.
46. Lin JF, Jonker PKC, Cunich M, et al. Surgery alone for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma is less costly and more effective than long term active surveillance. Surgery, 2020, 167(1): 110-116.
47. Cho SJ, Suh CH, Baek JH, et al. Active surveillance for small papillary thyroid cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thyroid, 2019, 29(10): 1399-1408.
48. 中国抗癌协会肿瘤消融治疗专业委员会, 中国临床肿瘤学会 (CSCO) 肿瘤消融专家委员会, 中国医师协会介入医师分会肿瘤消融专业委员会, 等. 甲状腺乳头状癌热消融治疗专家共识 (2024版). 中华内科杂志, 2024, 63(4): 355-364.
49. Lim HK, Cho SJ, Baek JH, et al. US-Guided radiofrequency ablation for low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: efficacy and safety in a large population. Korean J Radiol, 2019, 20(12): 1653-1661.
50. Kim HJ, Chung SM, Kim H, et al. Long-Term efficacy of ultrasound-guided laser ablation for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: results of a 10-year retrospective study. Thyroid, 2021, 31(11): 1723-1729.
51. Ji L, Wu Q, Gu J, et al. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous laser ablation for papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: a retrospective analysis of 37 patients. Cancer Imaging, 2019, 19(1): 16. doi: 10.1186/s40644-019-0204-x.
52. Yan L, Lan Y, Xiao J, et al. Long-term outcomes of radiofrequency ablation for unifocal low-risk papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: a large cohort study of 414 patients. Eur Radiol, 2021, 31(2): 685-694.
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