Objective To investigate the role of rehabilitation therapy both on nutritional status and intestinal adaptation of patients with short bowel syndrome (SBS). Methods The literatures about rehabilitation therapy for SBS were reviewed. Results Intestinal rehabilitation refers to the process of restoring enteral autonomy, in order to get rid of parenteral nutrition, usually by means of dietary, medical, and surgical treatment. Recent researches showed that medication and the use of specific nutrients and growth factors could stimulate intestinal absorption and might be useful in the medical management of SBS. Conclusion Intestinal rehabilitation is of benefit in the treatment of SBS and would play a greater role in the future.
Objective To review the biologic characteristics and biologic effect of cholecystokinine (CCK) on the central nervous system. Methods The literatures of recent years on research advancement of cholecystokinine as neurotransmitters/peptides in signal transduction, neuron protection and pain management in the central nervous system are reviewed. Results CCK possesses the ability to suppress the convulsant effects of convulsants. CCK8 is able to reduce the neural damage caused and delay the neural aging. CCK antagonists play an important role in human pain transduction. Conclusion CCK has been proven to be one of the richest neurotransmitters/neuropeptides as well as an important signal factor in the brain, and its important biologic effect is being confirmed.
Objective To summary the pathological classification， clinical manifestations， diagnosis， and treatments of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors （GE-NETs）. Methods Domestic and international literatures were collected to summary the status of clinical researches and treatments of GE-NETs. Results GE-NETs derived from enterochromaffin cells throughout the gut which had the function of amine precursor uptake decarboxylase （APUD）. These tumors secreted discrete bioactive substances and produced characteristic immunohistochemical patterns， making patients to manifest endocrine syndrome. But there were no unified standards on the diagnosis， grade， TNM classification， and prognosis of GE-NETs. Early diagnosis rate of GE-NETs was low， and most of tumors were asymptomatic and detected at late stage， with a tendency to metastasize to the liver. Imaging examation was important in early diagnosis of GE-NETs. Surgery was the traditional first-line therapy and the only possible curative approach. Somatostatin analogues， such as long-term-release （LAR） octreotide， could relieve the hormonal symptoms， slow down the tumor growth， and had shown synergistic antiproliferative activity in combination with biological agent everolimus. Conclusions The lack of standardized classification and an incomplete understanding of this disease are some of the impediments to the progress of treatment. Individualized comprehensive therapy is the aim of the future treatment.