ObjectiveTo analyze the epidemic characteristics of the notifiable infectious diseases in West China Hospital of Sichuan University, so as to guide the prevention, control and treatment of notifiable infectious diseases in the hospital and other medical institutions. MethodsDescriptive analysis was used to make statistics and analysis on the data of notifiable infectious diseases in West China Hospital of Sichuan University from 2015 to 2020, and the reporting situation, disease classification and transmission route were summarized. ResultsA total of 21 382 cases of notifiable infectious diseases with 32 types were reported. There was no class A infectious disease reported. There were 16 305 cases (76.26%) of class B infectious diseases and 5 077 cases (23.74%) of class C infectious diseases. The top 5 infectious diseases were pulmonary tuberculosis, influenza, syphilis, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (including human immunodeficiency virus infection), and viral hepatitis type B. From the trend of the infectious disease reporting, the number of notifiable infectious diseases showed an upward trend from 2015 to 2020. ConclusionsThe report of notifiable infectious diseases in West China Hospital of Sichuan University from 2015 to 2020 mainly focuses on class B infectious diseases and class C infectious diseases. In the future, the prevention and control of infectious diseases should focus on respiratory infectious diseases, blood borne and sexually transmitted infectious diseases.
Wuhan Leishenshan Hospital was built within 12 days during the key period of fighting against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan. It was a field infectious disease hospital with 1500 beds. Due to the emergency of the epidemic situation, the operation mode of “parallel of construction, acceptance, training and treatment” was employed. During the peak period, nearly 3000 medical workers and 13000 builders worked on the same site. In 67 days, 2 011 patients with COVID-19 were treated. Through the bundle infection prevention and control (IPC) measures, Wuhan Leishenshan Hospital achieved zero infection, zero accident, and low level pollution of SARS-CoV-2 (0.3%) by environment monitoring. The bundle IPC measures of Leishenshan Hospital not only provided prevention and control experience for other field infectious disease hospitals at domestic and abroad during the period of COVID-19, but also put forward ideas and work flow for other medical institutions to deal with emerging infectious diseases.
目的 探讨成都市传染病医院护理应急体系的构建方法、效果。 方法 成立护理应急管理小组；组建护理应急梯队；储备应急物资和设备；加强护理应急人员知识技能培训和实战演练；严格防护措施与消毒隔离流程。 结果 出色地完成了多次突发传染病的救治工作，培养了一支具有丰富应急救治经验的专业护理人员队伍。 结论 建立完善的护理应急体系可有效提高突发事件的应急保障能力。
Objective To investigate the organizational structure, routine management, emergency response, and material reserves related to the prevention and control of infectious diseases in maternal and child health institutions at all levels in Sichuan, and to understand the construction of emerging infectious diseases prevention and control system in maternal and child health institutions throughout the province. Methods We conducted a survey on the current situation of the epidemic prevention and control system in maternal and child health institutions using a self-developed questionnaire, which was conducted in October 2020 and July 2021, respectively. We conducted comparative analysis on the basic situation, the construction of emerging infectious disease prevention and control systems, and the setting and management of fever clinics/rooms of maternal and child health institutions at all levels in Sichuan in 2020 and 2021. Results In 2020, a total of 166 maternal and child health institutions participated in the survey, and 166 questionnaires were collected, including 17 at the provincial and municipal levels and 149 at the county level. In 2021, a total of 182 maternal and child health institutions participated in the survey, and 182 questionnaires were collected, including 17 at the provincial and municipal levels and 165 at the county level. In 2021, all levels of maternal and child health institutions in Sichuan had established epidemic prevention and control leadership groups. Compared with 2020, the construction of the emerging infectious disease prevention and control system in maternal and child health institutions at all levels in Sichuan in 2021 had improved to a certain extent in terms of establishing epidemic prevention and control leadership groups, hospital area three channel management, three-level pre-examination triage, inpatient area allocation, staff management, and patient management (P<0.05). Compared with 2020, fever clinics that met the requirements of three zones and two channels management, fever clinics that met the requirements of closed-loop management, and management of fever clinics/rooms in maternal and child health institutions at all levels in Sichuan in 2021 had improved to a certain extent (P<0.05). Conclusion Through strengthened construction during the epidemic prevention and control period, the construction of the emerging infectious disease prevention and control system in maternal and child health institutions in Sichuan has improved, but still faces continuous challenges in normalized prevention and control.
In order to solve the problems of difficult test, high cost and long cycle in the development of large-scale airborne negative pressure isolation system, the simulation analysis of negative pressure response characteristics is carried out around various aviation conditions such as aircraft ascending, leveling and descending, especially rapid decompression, based on the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. The results showed that the isolation cabin could achieve –50 Pa pressure difference environment and form a certain pressure gradient. The exhaust air volume reached the maximum value in the early stage of the aircraft’s ascent, and gradually decreased with the increase of altitude until it was level flying. In the process of aircraft descent, the exhaust fan could theoretically maintain a pressure difference far below –50 Pa without working; Under the special condition of rapid pressure loss, it was difficult to deal with the rapid change of low pressure only by the exhaust fan, so it was necessary to design safety valve and other anti-leakage measures in the isolation cabin structure. Therefore, the initial stage of aircraft ascent is the key stage for the adjustment and control of the negative pressure isolation system. By controlling the exhaust air volume and adjusting parameters, it can adapt to the change of low pressure under normal flight conditions, form a relatively stable negative pressure environment, and meet the needs of biological control, isolation and transport.
Objective To construct a multi-dimensional risk assessment system and scale for the prevention and control risk of respiratory infectious diseases in general hospitals, and make evaluation and early warning. Methods Through the collection of relevant literature on the prevention and control of respiratory infectious diseases during the period from January 1st, 2020 to December 31st, 2022, the articles related to the risk assessment of respiratory infectious diseases such as severe acute respiratory syndrome, COVID-19 and influenza A (H1N1) were screened, and the Delphi method was used to evaluate the articles and establish an indicator system. The normalized weight and combined weight of each item were calculated by analytic hierarchy process. The technique for order preference by similarity to the ideal solution method was used to calculate the risk composite index of 38 clinical departments in a tertiary general hospital in Jiangxi Province in December 2022. Results A total of 16 experts were included, including 4 with senior titles, 8 with associate senior titles, and 4 with intermediate titles. After two rounds of Delphi consult, a total of 4 first-level indicators, 11 second-level indicators, and 38 third-level indicators of risk assessment for the prevention and control of respiratory infectious diseases were determined. The reliability and validity of the scale were good. The top three items with the largest combined weights in the scale were spread by aerosol, spread by respiratory droplet, and commonly used instruments (inspection instruments and monitoring equipment). After a comprehensive analysis on the 38 departments, the top 10 departments in the risk index were the departments of medical imaging, pediatrics, ultrasound, cardiac and vascular surgery, infection, emergency, respiratory and critical care, general medicine, otolaryngology and neck surgery, stomatology, and obstetrics. Conclusions This study constructed the risk assessment scale of respiratory infectious diseases in general hospitals, and the scale has good reliability and validity. The use of this scale for risk assessment of general hospitals can provide a theoretical basis for the risk characteristics of prevention and control of respiratory infectious diseases in general hospitals.
The World Health Organization estimates that 25% of the 57 million annual deaths that occur globall are caused by microbes. A study reported 1 415 species of infectious organisms are known to be pathogenic to humans. Zoonoses constitute 61% of all known infectious diseases, with humans serving as the primary reservoir for only 3% of them. Of the 175 infectious species considered to be emerging, 75% are zoonotic. Zoonotic diseases and their impact on human and animal health are not monitored, prevented, and treated in an integrated way, despite the fact that etiologies and treatments are similar across species. The efficacy and resistance of a drug in one species has a bearing on others, in the context of zoonoses. Further, an RCT involving many species is effective in a natural setting, is robust, and may require fewer human volunteers. One Health is based on a systems approach and a collaborative effort of multiple disciplines – working locally, nationally, and globally – to attain optimal health for people, animals, and the environment. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses have so far been independent and discipline oriented. Pooling of results for diagnostic test accuracies and treatment effects of drugs for zoonoses across species has to be done, since the results of preclinical trials emanate from laboratory animals. The Cochrane Collaboration is the platform of choice to initiate a new group on zoonoses to carry out systematic meta-analyses of diagnostic tests and drug efficacies without bias, thus underpinning the systems approach and One Health.
Objective To know about the baseline and quality of clinical prophylaxis and treatment study on communicable diseases in China, by identifying and assessing the clinical studies published in Chinese Journal of Infectious Diseases for 18 years. Method Handsearching page by page to identify and register the clinical studies from the journal, the definition of randomized controlled trial (RCT) and controlled clinical trial (CCT) strictly according to the Cochrane Collaboration Handbook (1997). Results There were totally 214 clinical studies during the 18 years, including 67 RCTs, 67 CCTs and 80 Non-CCTs. The average sample size of the RCTs was 103.0±70.2 (range from 17 to 296). Counted by every 5 years period (3 years period from 1998 to 2000), the proportion of RCTs in clinical studies was increasing steadily. The proportion were 22.9% from 1983 to 1987 (11/48), 29.2% from 1988 to 1992 (14/48), 41.9% from 1993 to 1997 (26/62), 28.6% from 1998 to 2000 (16/56) respectively. The main diseases studied in 214 clinical studies include: virus hepatitis (65 studies), hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (19 studies), typhoid fever (11 studies), bacterial infection (13 studies), bacillary dysentery (5 studies), epidemic encephalitis B (3 studies) and parasitosis (9 studies). Conclusion RCT study design should be applied as much as possible. The quality of clinical studies on communicable diseases in China remains to be improved. Multi-center and large-scale collaborative study is worthy to advocate.
Objective To describe the design and application of an emergency response mobile phone-based information system for infectious disease reporting. Methods Software engineering and business modeling were used to design and develope the emergency response mobile phone-based information system for infectious disease reporting. Results Seven days after the initiation of the reporting system, the reporting rate in the earthquake zone reached the level of the same period in 2007, using the mobile phone-based information system. Surveillance of the weekly report on morbidity in the earthquake zone after the initiation of the mobile phone reporting system showed the same trend as the previous three years. Conclusion The emergency response mobile phone-based information system for infectious disease reporting was an effective solution to transmit urgently needed reports and manage communicable disease surveillance information. This assured the consistency of disease surveillance and facilitated sensitive, accurate, and timely disease surveillance. It is an important backup for the internet-based direct reporting system for communicable disease.