肝脏移植、心脏移植及肾脏移植等已广泛开展，大批受者长期存活。本文现就这组特殊人群在移植术后患胆道结石病的机理及其处理原则介绍如下。1器官移植受体胆石病的发生机理肝移植术后胆管结石与胆泥形成并引起胆道梗阻可随时发生。除了明确的结石外，胆泥形成胆管铸形并广泛分布于肝内胆管也有报道。胆管粘膜损害、胆管梗阻、移植肝的冷、热缺血、感染及胆固醇过饱和等都在胆管结石形成过程中发挥作用，但胆管梗阻可能是肝移植术后胆管结石形成的最重要因素［1］。胆管结石和胆泥形成的患者，绝大多数都伴有胆管狭窄，这个狭窄可以发生在胆管胆管吻合口和胆管空肠吻合口，也可发生在非吻合口处的胆管。胆管内异物如T型管或内支撑管也可作为结石形成的核心。除了这些引起胆汁淤积的物理学原因外，环孢素A（CsA）在胆石发生中也起了作用［2］： 它可抑制胆汁分泌，促进胆汁淤积，而FK506（普乐可复）似乎没有这方面的副作用。此外，肝移植受者胆汁中胆固醇呈过饱和状态，且T管引流及胆酸池的减少还加重这种状态。目前还不清楚胆道重建方式对胆道结石形成有没有影响。但从理论上讲，胆肠吻合会增加肠源性细菌进入胆道的机会，从而导致胆红素去结合化，并进一步形成色素石。但到底是胆管对端吻合还是胆肠吻合后更易形成结石，目前尚无详尽研究。
Objective To review the research progress of Toll-like receptors （TLRs） signaling and its effects in organ transplantation. Methods The structural and functional features of TLRs and their ligands were summarized，the literatures in recent years about the research progress of TLRs signaling in animal experiment and clinical organ transplantation were reviewed. Results TRLs played an important role in the organ transplantation，the activation of TLRs could activate the specific immune system，and contribute to ischemic reperfusion injury，acute and chronic allograft rejections，and induce the immune tolerance. Early treatment intervention could reduce the activation of TRLs through ischemic reperfusion injury in the organ transplantation，and improve the allograft survival. The efficient immunosuppressive drugs which aimed at the related immunosuppressive target in immune and its signal transduction pathway could reduce ischemic reperfusion injury in the organ transplantation and immune rejection. Conclusions TRLs signaling plays an important role in ischemic reperfusion injury，immune rejection，and immune regulation.
Objective To investigate the impact of immunonutrition in organ transplantation.Methods The literatures of recent years on the studies of immunonutrition in organ transplantation were reviewed. Results Immunonutrition including ω-3 fatty acid and special amino acids etc could reduce inflamation and supress immunal response following organ transplantation markably. Conclusion Application of immunonutrition associated with immunosupress could take the place of traditional steroids completely in the treatment following organ transplantation, even shorten clinical course of immunosupress.
Objective To summarize the role of costimulatory molecules in inducing immune tolerance of organ transplantation. Methods Domestic and international publications online involving costimulatory molecules and immune tolerance in recent years were collected and reviewed. Results The relationship between costimulatory pathways and transplantation immunity has already been clarified in recent years. The main costimulatory molecules alreadly found mainly include B7-CD28/CTLA4, CD40-CD154, 4-1BB/4-1BBL, and ICOS-B7h, etc. Costimulatory pathways com-inhibition or combining with other immunosuppression methods could obtain stable and long lasting immune tolerance. Conclusions With the development of immunology and molecular biology, costimulatory pathways of T lymphocyte activation will be further interpreted. Other new costimulatory molecules will be discovered in the future, which will afford theory evidence for inducing immune tolerance.
Objective To summarize the application and progress of common autologous organ transplantation (AOT) techniques. Method A literature review and summary of previous and recent studies on common AOT was performed, including autologous liver transplantation, autologous kidney transplantation and intestinal autotransplantation techniques. Results AOT solved the issues of bleeding that cannot be controlled by in vivo resection of lesions, difficulties in vascular reconstruction, and the inability to radically resect lesions, and extended the indications for treatment of partially diseased conditions. Conclusions The AOT technique has an ameliorating effect on the tight donor situation in China, providing more potential donors. And the application of the AOT technique effectively avoids the usage of postoperative immunosuppressive drugs and the progression of lesions due to waiting for allogeneic organ transplantation. However, the clinical benefit in malignant tumors remains to be further investigated.
As more and more issues have emerged in organ transplantion cases, there is an increasing dispute about the definition of death: whether the criteria of cardiopulmonary death or brain death should be applied. The conflict between rights and obligations in brain death and organ transplantion is becoming ever evident, and there is a need for clarity on the issue of death and organ transplantion. This needs to come through legislation, which would be the most economical and effective intervention to provide this clarity. The authors believe that the National People’s Congress of China (NPC), the Standing Committee of NPC, the State Council of China and the Supreme People’s Court of China may get involved in the legislation for issues related to brain death and organ transplantion. As for the selection of decrees related to brain death and organ transplantion, all provinces, autonomous regions and centrally-governed municipalities can not exercise corresponding local legislative power except for special economic zones. After brain death and organ transplant related laws, administrative regulations, local decrees, autonomous decrees and special decrees have been settled, relevant executive legislation may be enacted. During such a legislative procedure, pilot programs can be adopted so as to enhance the applicability and success rate of the legislation of brain death and organ transplant.
Objective To investigate the immunoregulatory effects of immunonutrient ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and its applications in organ transplantation. Methods Relevant literatures of recent years were reviewed. Results The immunoregulatory effects of ω-3 PUFA can inhibit proliferation and activation of the immunocompetent cells including T cell and B cell, reduce cytokine production, modulate immunologic response, improve graft function, pro-long survival, reduce episodes of rejection, and lessen adverse reactions of immunosuppressor.Conclusion ω-3 PUFA should have wide applications in organ transplantation due to its immunoregulatory effects. However, this research should be further studied.
目的 总结活体部分小肠移植在治疗短肠综合征合并肠瘘中的临床经验。方法 1例短肠综合征合并肠瘘患者接受其子的150 cm 回肠，供肠动、静脉分别与受体的腹主动脉和下腔静脉行端侧吻合，受体残余空肠与供体回肠近端行端端吻合，受体结肠与供肠远端行端侧吻合，供肠远端造瘘作为观察窗，术后给予免疫抑制等治疗。 结果 患者小肠移植术后恢复顺利，肠道功能恢复，血管吻合口通畅，正常生活110 d后因心脏意外死亡。结论 短肠综合征合并肠瘘患者实施活体部分小肠移植是可行的，植入肠管的血管植入技术对小肠移植成功非常重要。
Objective We aimed to investigate the attitude and suggestion from doctors, pharmacists and civil servants concerning brain death and organ transplantation and the legislation. Methods A questionnaire with 10 sections and 44 questions was designed and distributed. The effective questionnaire data was then recorded and checked for descriptive analysis. Results In 1 400 questionnaires distributed, 1 063 were responded and 969 of them were valid and analyzed. The respondents showed an incomplete understanding of brain death and organ transplantation laws. Seventy-four percent of the respondents recognized and accepted the standard of brain death. They agreed that legislation should be involved in the removal of organs for transplantation, the future use of the organs, and insurance and compensation for the donor for possible health risks induced by organ removal. Of the 969 respondents, 92% considered it necessary to have legislation in brain death and organ transplantation, and 61% thought that it is time to legislate. Conclusion Legislation for brain death and organ transplantation is urgent and timely in China. The laws must include the respective rights and obligations of patients, close relatives, and medical institutions. Educating the public about brain death and organ transplantation should also be encouraged in a variety of ways.