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Clinical Features and Prognosis of Patients with Acute Renal Failure

【摘要】　目的　总结急性肾功能衰竭（acute renal failure， ARF）的病因特点、治疗情况与预后的关系。　方法　回顾性分析2007年8月-2008年4月77例ARF的临床资料，总结各种因素与患者预后的关系。　结果　肾性因素是最主要的致病病因，占77.92%，其中以药物和中毒居多。老年患者、少尿型患者或合并多脏器功能衰竭患者病死率较高，分别为25.93%，29.55%，83.33%。　结论　ARF应早期诊断，积极给予综合治疗，包括肾脏替代治疗，老年ARF患者易出现多脏器功能衰竭、合并感染等，应放宽透析指征，并注意去除高危因素以提高存活率。【Abstract】　Objective　To explore the clinical features, treatment, and prognosis of acute renal failure (ARF).　Methods　The clinical data of 77 patients with ARF from Auguest 2007 to April 2008 were retrospectively analyzed.　Results　Renal factor was the most important cause of ARF, accounting for 77.92%. The mortalities of elderly patients, oliguric patients and with multiple organ failure were 25.93%, 29.55%, and 83.33%, respectively.　Conclusion　Patients with ARF should be diagnosed as early as possible and given comprehensive treatments, including renal replacement therapy; the elderly patients with multiple organ failure and infection should be relaxed dialysis indications. We should pay attention to the removal of risk factors to improve the survival rate.

Prevention and Treatment of Acute Renal Failure after Cardiac Surgery

Acute renal failure(ARF) is a serious complication after cardiac surgery. It is an important influential factor of increasing mortality, extending mechanical ventilation time and intensive care unit time, resulting in cognition functional impairment and respiratory function failure et al, and increasing cost of hospitalization. Extracorporeal circulation, intra-aortic balloon pump, renal inadequacy before surgery, diabetes and peripheral vascular disease are all risk factors of ARF after operation. These factors can lead to ARF by constriction of capacitance vessel, filling defect of renal and ischemia-reperfusion injury et al. Appropriate drug treatment, haemodialysis and hemofiltration could protect renal function and improve prognosis of ARF.

Development of Liver Transplantation of Severe Hepatitis

糖尿病酮症酸中毒横纹肌溶解致急性肾功能衰竭一例

【摘要】 目的 报道糖尿病酮症酸中毒（DKA）横纹肌溶解（RM）并致急性肾功能衰竭的临床诊治经验。〖HTH〗方法〖HTSS〗 2009年10月8日收治1例DKA患者,病程中出现意识障碍、RM、急性肾功能衰竭，行连续性血液净化治疗。结果 48 h后患者意识障碍恢复,血肌酸激酶下降,酸中毒纠正,治疗效果显著。结论 提高对DKA患者发生RM的认识和常规肌酶谱的动态监测,做好早期诊断以及预防极其重要,是RM合并急性肾损伤(AKI)治疗的关键,有利于提高糖尿病患者的生存率。

体外循环心脏手术后急性肾功能衰竭的肾脏替代治疗

目的 探讨体外循环（CPB）心脏手术后急性肾功能衰竭(ARF)的发生原因及肾脏替代治疗的方法，总结其治疗经验。 方法 回顾性分析我院2004年2月至2008年2月14例体外循环心脏手术后发生急性肾功能衰竭患者的临床资料，所有患者除常规治疗外，分别给予持续血液滤过1例、血液透析5例、腹膜透析7例。 结果 14例患者中死亡7例，其中5例死于多器官功能衰竭，1例死于低心排血量综合征，1例死于腹膜透析并发败血症。余7例经肾脏替代治疗8～39 d肾功能恢复，治愈出院。生存的7例患者随访1～48个月，肾功能无明显异常，尿素氮4.16±3.19 mmol/L(2.96±8.18 mmol/L)，肌酐56±16 μmol/L(55~89 μmol/L)。 结论 急性肾功能衰竭是体外循环心脏手术后严重并发症之一，死亡率较高。采取适当的预防措施可减少该并发症的发生，血液滤过、血液透析及腹膜透析是有效的肾脏替代治疗方法。

Application of the Clinical Score Developed by Cleveland University to Predict Acute Renal Failure after Cardiac Surgery in Chinese Patients

Abstract: Objective To investigate the application value of the Clinical Score developed by Cleveland University in predicting the occurrence ratio of acute renal failure in Chinese patients after cardiac surgery. Methods A total of 456 adult patients , 230 males and 226 females , with cardiac surgery during August 2008 to July 2009 were included in our study. Their age ranged from 18 to 88 years with an average age of 56.7 years. Before the surgery, Clinical Score was used to predict acute renal failure after cardiac surgery. Based on the score of ≤5, 610, or ≥11, the patients were divided into group Ⅰ (n=401), group Ⅱ (n=42) and group Ⅲ (n=13). The occurrence rate of acute kidney injury (AKI), continuous renal replacement therapy in hospital, multiple organ failure, mortality and other clinical indexes were compared among the 3 groups. Results Occurrence ratio of AKI of group Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ was respectively 2.74%, 28.57% and 76.92% (χ2=73.004, P=0.000). Continuous renal replacement therapy rate was respectively 0.50%, 9.52%, and 38.46% (χ2=36.939, P=0.000). Multiple organ failure rate was respectively 0.50%, 4.76%, and 23.08% (χ2=19.694, P=0.000). Mortality rate was respectively 0.25%, 2.38%, and 15.38% (χ2=14.061, P=0.001). There were significant differences among the three groups. Conclusion The Clinical Score to Predict Acute Renal Failure developed by Cleveland University can effectively predict the occurrence rate of acute renal failure in the Chinese patients after cardiac surgery before the operation. Therefore, corresponding preventive methods can be taken for highrisk patients.

Ciliatenerve Knotweed Root-induced Acute Renal Failure: A Report of Two Cases

目的　分析朱砂莲中毒导致急性肾功能衰竭临床表现、肾脏病理学及相关文献复习。 方法　2007年3月－9月收治朱砂莲中毒急性肾功能衰竭2例，分析临床表现及肾脏病理损害。 结果　朱砂莲急性中毒易致急性肾功能衰竭，危及生命；其主要损害肾小管间质，表现为急性肾小管重度损伤，无炎性细胞浸润，而肾小球几乎无病变。 结论　朱砂莲为我国常使用中药，主要成分为马兜铃酸，易致马兜铃酸肾病，须提高对该病认识，规范使用中草药，避免药物性所致肾损害。Objective　To analyze the clinical and pathological manifestations of kidney in patients with ciliatenerve knotweed root-induced acute renal failure. Methods　Two patients who were admitted into our hospital for acute renal failure caused by over-dose ciliatenerve knotweed root from March to September in 2007 were included in this study. We analyzed the clinical and pathological manifestations of their kidneys. Results　Over-dose ciliatenerve knotweed root could induce acute renal failure, even threaten life. The pathology of kidney is characterized by severe tubular injury,rather than glomerulus damage, without cell infiltration. Conclusions　Ciliatenerve knotweed root is one of the frequently-used traditional Chinese medicines in our country, which can easily result in aristolochinc acid nephropathy. We should recognize the importance of this disease and avoid using nephrotoxic drugs.

Clinical Analysis of A Variety Blood Purification Therapy Acute Severe Poisoning with Acute Renal Failure of 30 Caces

目的:总结急性重症中毒并急性肾功能衰竭(ARF)的临床特点并探讨多种血液净化(BP)模式抢救急性重症中毒的临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析我院30例急性中毒并ARF患者,其中9例行血液透析(HD)治疗,11例行HD串联血液灌流(HD＋HP)治疗,10例采用连续性静脉-静脉血液透析滤过(CVVHDF)治疗,各组均给予综合性治疗,比较单纯HD组、HD＋HP组、CVVHDF组之间治疗效果。结果:CVVHDF组治愈率高,肾功能恢复优于其他血液净化组(P﹤0.05),昏迷者的清醒时间快,住院时间缩短(P﹤0.05),无明显毒副作用。结论:CVVHDF、HD＋HP血液净化治疗抢救各种急性中毒并ARF患者成功率高,对急性重症中毒伴多器官功能障碍者,提倡早期行CVVHDF治疗,同时重视洗胃、营养支持、水电解质酸碱平衡、抗感染等综合治疗,以利于急危重症中毒患者的救治。

Experimental Research of Renal Aquaporin-3 Expression in Obstructive Jaundice

ObjectiveTo explore the value of Aquaporin-3 (AQP-3) on the detection of early renal function damage by investigating the expressions of renal AQP-3 mRNA and protein of rats with obstructive jaundice (OJ). MethodsForty mature male Wistar rats were divided into two groups randomly: experimental group (n=20) in which the model of OJ rats was established, and control group (n=20, sham operation group). The levels of serum total bilirubin (TBIL), direct bilirubin (DBIL), creatinine (Cr)， and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were detected by fullautomatic biochemical analyzer on 7 d and 14 d after operation. The expressions of renal AQP-3 mRNA and protein of rats were detected by RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. ResultsThe levels of serum TBIL and DBIL were significantly higher on 14 d than those on 7 d after operation in experimental group (P=0.000), which were significantly higher than those at corresponding time point in control group (P=0.000), while the difference within control group was not significant (P=0.154). Thus, the OJ models of rats were established successfully. The difference of serum Cr levels of rats between inter-and intragroup were not significant (Pgt;0.05). Serum BUN level on 14 d after operation in experimental group was significantly higher than those on 7 d after operation in experimental group and on 14 d after operation in control group (P=0.001), although serum Cr levels were not different between 7 d and 14 d after operation in control group (P=0.288). The expressions of AQP-3 protein of rats on 7 d and 14 d after operation in experimental group were significantly lower than those at corresponding time point in control group (P=0.033, P=0.000), meanwhile on 14 d after operation in experimental group was significantly lower than those on 7 d after operation in experimental group (P=0.000). The expressions of AQP-3 mRNA of rats on 7 d and 14 d after operation in experimental group were significantly higher than those at corresponding time point in control group (P=0.000), but the difference at different time point in two groups was not significant (P=0.139, P=0.059). ConclusionsThe changes of renal AQP-3 protein and mRNA expressions are prior to the changes of serum Cr and BUN levels of rats suffered from OJ complicated renal function damage, which are promised to improve the early diagnosis rate of renal function damage in rats with OJ.

A Randomized Controlled Trial of Reduced Glutathione in the Treatment of Acute Renal Failure

Objective　To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of reduced glutathione in the treatment of acute renal failure. Methods　Twenty-three patients with acute renal failure were divided into the treatment group (n=10) and the control group (n=13) by simple randomisation. Patients in the treatment group received intravenous reduced glutathione 1200 mg daily. Patients in the control group were not treated with reduced glutathione. The therapeutic course for both groups was 4 weeks. Serum creatinine and urea nitrogen were determined before treatment as well as at the end of each of the 4 weeks. Proximal and distal renal tubular functions were evaluated at the end of the treatment. The time when clinical symptoms were improved was recorded and adverse drug reactions were monitored. Results　The durations of nausea and vomiting as well as the oliguria stage were shorter in the treatment group than in the control group. The serum creatinine level in the treatment group decreased more markedly than that in the control group. At the end of the treatment, the renal tubular function was better in the treatment group than in the control group. Conclusion　Reduced glutathione contributes to the early recovery of renal function in patients with acute renal failure. However, more high-quality and large-scale randomized controlled trials are needed.