Objective To assess the value of procalcitonin ( PCT) in serum and percentage of infected cells ( PIC) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid ( BALF) for the diagnosis of early ventilator-associatedpneumonia ( VAP) .Methods A prospective observational study was conducted in a teaching hospital. The patients consecutively admitted to the intensive care unit from January 2011 to June 2012, who received mechanical ventilation for more than 48h and clinically suspected for VAP, were recruited in the study.Patients with infection outside the lungs and previous diagnosed infection were excluded. PCT was detected and bronchoalveolar lavage was performed in the day when VAP was diagnosed. BALF cells were stained by May-Grunwald Giemsa ( MGG) for counting 100 phagocytic cells and calculating infected cells ( ICs )percentage.Results 76 of all 421 patients were enrolled in this study, 64 of which were diagnosed, 12 were under-diagnosed. The PCT [ ( 3. 48 ±1. 46) ng/mL vs. ( 1. 53 ±0. 60) ng/mL] and PIC [ ( 3. 11 ±1. 47) % vs. ( 1. 08 ±0. 29) % ] were significant higher in the patients with VAP. The threshold of 2 ng/mL of PCT and 2% of PIC corresponded to sensitivity of 78. 12% and 78. 12% , and specificity of 75. 00% and 91. 67% , respectively. The area under the receiver operating characteristic ( ROC) curve was 0. 87 ( 95% CI 78. 9%-95. 9% ) and 0. 874 ( 95% CI 79. 2% -94. 9% ) , respectively. The area under ROC curve was 0. 979, and the sensitivity was 97. 36% , specificity was 97. 36% when the two cutoff values were both achieved. Conclusion PCT and PIC are useful markers to diagnose early VAP quickly and conveniently and allow early antibiotic treatment of patients with suspected VAP.
ObjectiveTo explore the clinical characteristics of idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (IHES), and improve the early diagnosis and treatment of such diseases.MethodsThe clinical diagnosis and treatment data were retrospectively analyzed from the patients with confirmed IHES hospitalized in China-Japan Friendship Hospital between September 2010 to May 2018.ResultsFifteen patients were included. There were 3 women and 12 men in the study, with an average age of 53.7±21.3 years. Eleven patients had respiratory problems, with an average course of 7 months. Most lesions occurred in both lungs. Patchy distribution, ground glass opacity, pleural effusion and mediastinal lymph node enlargement were common in the chest computed tomography. Serum total IgE was significantly increased. Four patients had other systems involved rather than respiratory system. One of them had digestive problems and another 3 had skin diseases. There was a significant increase in eosinophils in peripheral blood, bone marrow and histopathology, the same as eosinophils in sputum, pleural effusion, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Hypoxemia was common in patients with respiratory problems. The blood eosinophil and total IgE were reduced after glucocorticoid treatment, and the hypoxemia was significantly improved.ConclusionsThe clinical symptoms, signs and image of chest computed tomography are not specific in IHES, so the rate of misdiagnosis and wrong diagnosis is high. This disease involves many organs or systems, so the pathological examination should be completed as soon as possible to make a clear diagnosis to prevent further damage. Glucocorticoid treatment is effective in this disease.
ObjectiveTo investigate the clinical features, diagnosis and treatment of scedosporiosis in lung transplant patients.MethodsA retrospective analysis was carried out on a lung transplant patient with scedosporiosis admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University. A literature review was performed with “scedosporium”/“scedosporiosis”+“lung transplant” or “scedosporium”/“scedosporiosis”+“lung transplantation” as the key words in Pubmed, Wanfang Database and China Knowledge Resource Integrated Database. The date of retrieval was up to May 2018. Related articles of scedosporiosis in lung transplant patients were retrieved. Clinical characters, diagnosis, treatment and outcome were analyzed.ResultsThe patient was a 65 years old male who received the right lung transplantation 7 months before. He presented with seizure, dyspnea and multiple organ failure. The CT scan illustrated right lower pulmonary nodular lesions. The culture and DNA sequencing of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid established the diagnosis of scedosporium prolificans. The patient died finally despite the combined anti-fungal treatment. Literature review found 20 relative articles, and all of which were case report with a total of 35 patients. Scedosporium was always disseminated and with a high mortality, with no specificity in chest CT and bronchoscopy. The diagnosis always established by the culture and DNA sequencing, and the combination of anti-fugal agents was needed.ConclusionsScedosporium in lung transplant patient is a disseminated disease with high mortality. The high risk patients should be focused on and early diagnosis and treatment was demanded.
Objective To analyse the clinical and pathological characteristics of Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia, and increase the comprehensive understanding of the Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia. Methods Five patients diagnosed with Chlamydia psittaci pneumonia were selected in this hospital from November 2021 to November 2022, and their clinical and pathological characteristics were analysed. Results Out of these five patients, 2 patients were male and 3 were female, with a mean age (65±9) years and length of hospital stay (11 - 13) d. The first symptom of all five patients was fever; 3 patients were complicated with hypoxemia; there were several accompanying symptoms, including chilly, shiver, fatigue, headache, cough, muscle soreness, hearing loss and so on. In the laboratory indicators, white blood cell count was not significantly abnormal, the C-reactive protein and procalcitonin were high. In the chest CT, the diseased regions were mostly located in unilateral lesions, 3 cases were on the right side; the forms included pulmonary consolidation, lung glass opacity, pleural effusion, pleural thickening, etc.; the mNGS results of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid showed the Chlamydia psittaci; the pathology of lung biopsy showed significant proliferation of fibers in the interstitial lung and partly fibrosis, with histiocytic reaction and minimal lymphocyte infiltration. Conclusion Clearly diagnosing patients with pneumonia which are suspected being infected Chlamydia psittaci as soon as earlier can prompt anti-infection treatment, and avoid further damage to the lung interstitium, eventually decrease the deterioration of lung function and progression to severe pneumonia.
ObjectiveTo study the application of non-real-time ultrasound bronchoscopy combined with Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing (mNGS) for diagnosis in focal pulmonary infectious diseases. MethodsProspective inclusion of patients with focal pulmonary infection were randomly divided into two groups, the experimental group used non-real-time ultrasound bronchoscopy positioning to collect bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALF), while the control group used chest CT position. BALF was subjected to mNGS and traditional microbial detection including traditional culture, the fungal GM test and Xpert (MTB/RIF). ResultThe positive rate of traditional culture (39.58% vs. 16.67%, P=0.013) and mNGS (89.58% vs. 72.92%, P=0.036) in experimental group was higher. The positive rate of Xpert MTB/RIF (4.17% vs. 2.08%, P=1) and fungal GM test (6.25% vs. 4.17%, P=0.765) was similar. The positive rate of bacteria and fungi detected by mNGS was higher than traditional culture (61.46% vs. 28.13%, P<0.001). Mycobacterium tuberculosis was similar to Xpert MTB/RIF (8.33% vs. 3.13%, P=0.21). Aspergillus was similar to GM test (7.29% vs. 5.21%, P=0.77). The total positive rate of traditional microbial methods was 36.46%, but 81.25% in mNGS (P<0.001). mNGS showed that 35 cases were positive and 13 kinds of pathogens were detected in control group, but 43 patients and 17 kinds of pathogens were detected in experimental group. The average hospitalization time [(12.92±3.54) days vs. (16.35±7.49) days] and the cost [CNY (12209.17±3956.17) vs. CNY (19044.10±17350.85)] of experimental group was less (P<0.001). ConclusionsNon-real-time ultrasound bronchoscopy combined with mNGS can improve the diagnostic rate of focal pulmonary infectious diseases which is worthy of popularization and application in clinical practice.
ObjectiveTo detect the levels of Krebs von den lungen 6 (KL-6) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and serum of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF),and explore its clinical significance. MethodsThirty-four patients with IPF and 10 patients with sarcoidosis in Ⅰ period were recruited in the study. ELISA was used to detect the level of KL-6 in BALF and serum. ResultsIn the IPF group,the forced vital capacity as percentage of predicted value (FVC% pred) and diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide as percentage of predicted value (DLCO %pred) were both significantly lower than those of the sarcoidosis group[(69.51±13.65)% vs. (82.06±5.84)%,(48.58±12.73)% vs. (81.47±6.39)%,P<0.01]. In the BALF of IPF group,the percentage of neutrophils was higher[(8.91±6.79)% vs. (5.50±3.60)%,P<0.05],and the percentages of lymphocytes and CD4/CD8 ratio were lower than those of the sarcoidosis group[(11.71±6.64)% vs. (23.30±12.68)%,(1.46±0.83) vs. (4.01±5.10),P<0.05]. In the IPF group,the level of KL-6 in the BALF and serum was higher than that of the arcoidosis group[(437.43±251.70) U/mL vs. (221.59±127.41) U/mL,(857.81±515.53) U/mL vs. (338.67±168.13) U/mL,P<0.001]. There was obvious correlation between the level of serum KL-6 with FVC%pred and DLCO%pred in the IPF group (r=-0.46,r=-0.58,P<0.05). ConclusionsThe level of KL-6 in BALF and serum is elevated in patients with IPF. There is obvious correlation between the level of serum KL-6 with FVC%pred and DLCO%pred in IPF patients. KL-6 may be an indicator of IPF in clinical diagnose.
Objective To investigate the diagnostic value and complications of fibrobronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage in immunocompromised patients with pulmonary infiltrates. Methods Fiberoptic bronchoscopy was performed in 31 immunocompromised patients. The clinical data and results of bronchoalveolar lavage were collected. In addition to conventional microbiological methods, molecular detection for cytomegalovirus( CMV) and respiratory viruses were performed. Results In all cases BAL was performed. The overall diagnostic yield of fibrobronchoscopy was 65% . The diagnosis was more likely to be established by fibrobronchoscopy when the lung infiltrate was due to an infectious agent( 86%) than to a noninfectious process( 25% ) . By molecular detection, CMV was identified in 4 cases, and other respiratory viruses were identified in 3 cases. Fever ( 23% ) was the most common complication. Conclusions Fibrobronchoscopy and BAL are effective and safe for the diagnosis of pulmonary infiltrates in immunocompromised patients. The molecular technique may help to enhance the diagnostic yield of BAL.
Objective To compare the diagnostic value of sterile sputumsuction tube with protected specimen brush in mechanically ventilated patients with serious lung infection, and explore the safety and efficacy of bronchofibroscope combining mechanical ventilation in the treatment of severe lung infection.Methods Seventy-four severe lung infection patients with invasive mechanical ventilation support were recruited in the study. Based on the routine treatment, the subjects were randomly divided into a control group received only mechanical ventilation, and a treatment group received sputum aspiration and bronchial lavage by bronchofibroscope combiningmechanical ventilation. Lower respiratory tract secretion was collected to analyze the bacterial etiology with sterile sputum suction tube in the control group, and with protectedspecimen brush in the treatment group. Results The positive rate of sputum suction tube and protected specimen brush was 70. 27% and 75. 68% , respectively, with no statistical difference between the two groups ( P gt; 0. 05) . The PaO2 of the treatment group increased and PaCO2 decreased obviously after sputum aspiration and bronchial lavage by bronchofibroscope ( P lt; 0. 01) . The total effective rate was also highly increased, and the heart rate and respiration were stable in the treatment group. The time of mechanical ventilation and the length of ICU stay were all shortened in the treatment group compared with the control group. Conclusions Sterile sputum suction tube can not only acquire accurate pathogen, but also is a simple and economical method for patients with severe lung infection with mechanical ventilation. Sputum aspiration and bronchial lavage with bronchofibroscope combining mechanical ventilation are effective and safe treatment for patients with severe lung infection.
ObjectiveTo evaluate the diagnostic value of soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (sTREM-1) level in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) for discrimination of Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) colonization from infection.MethodsSixty patients with tracheal intubation or tracheotomy who were admitted in intensive care unit from July 2016 to July 2018, were divided into an infection group (n=20), a colonization group (n=20) and a control group (n=20). The serum and BALF samples were collected from the patients on the day when lower respiratory tract sample culture was positive so as to detect sTREM-1, serum procalcitonin (PCT) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). The value of serum PCT, IL-6, sTREM-1 and BALF sTREM-1 in differentiation of infection or colonization for A. baumannii was analyzed by mean of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.ResultsThere were no significant differences in gender composition, age or Glasgow coma score among the three groups (P>0.05). The clinical pulmonary infection score (CPIS) of the infection group was higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). Compared with the control group, while the sTREM-1 concentration of BALF with A. baumannii colonization increased significantly but levels of PCT, IL-6 and sTREM-1 remained unchanged in serum. The levels of PCT, IL-6 and sTREM-1 in serum, and sTREM-1 in BALF increased significantly in the infection group (P<0.001). Compared with the colonization group, the levels of PCT, IL-6 and sTREM-1 in serum, and sTREM-1 in BALF increased significantly in the infection group (P<0.05). The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of serum PCT was 0.67 with the sensitivity of 0.55 and the specificity of 0.90 (95%CI 0.52 - 0.82). AUC of serum IL-6 was 0.72 with the sensitivity of 0.60 and the specificity of 0.95 (95%CI 0.58 - 0.85). AUC of serum sTREM-1 was 0.72 with the sensitivity of 0.75 and the specificity of 0.60 (95%CI 0.55 - 0.85). AUC of sTREM-1 in BALF was 0.92 with the sensitivity of 0.95 and the specificity of 0.70 (95%CI 0.79 - 0.98). The diagnostic accuracy of sTREM-1 in BALF was higher than that of PCT, IL-6 and sTREM-1 in serum (P<0.05).ConclusionssTREM-1 in BALF has good diagnostic performance in differentiating patients with infection of colonization for A. baumannii. Its sensitivity and specificity are higher than serum PCT, IL-6 and sTREM-1.
ObjectiveTo explore the expression of periostin in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of patients with dermatomyositis-related interstitial lung disease (DM-ILD) and rheumatoid arthritis-related interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD).MethodsA total of 44 patients with DM-ILD and 28 patients with RA-ILD were underwent bronchoalveolar lavage. Cells in BALF were collected and analyzed by absolute different cell counts. The level of periostin and Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6) were tested by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Results of high resolution CT of patients were scored. Thirty patients without interstitial lung disease (ILD) served as a control group.ResultsLevels of periostin and KL-6 were significantly increased in BALF of patients with DM-ILD and RA-ILD compared with control group (all P<0.05). Levels of periostin were positively correlated with lymphocyte counts and levels of KL-6 in BALF (allP<0.05). Furthermore, levels of periostin were significantly correlated with high resolution CT scores (P<0.05).ConclusionsLevels of periostin are increased in patients with DM-ILD and RA-ILD. Periostin might be served as an indicator of CTD-ILD.