Most immune-related adverse event (irAE) associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) resulted from excessive immune response against normal organs. The severity, timing, and organs affected by these events were often unpredictable. Adverse reactions could cause treatment delays or interruptions, in rare cases, pose a life-threatening risk. The mechanisms underlying irAE involved immune cell dysregulation, imbalances in inflammatory factor expression, alterations in autoantibodies and complement activation, even dysbiosis of intestinal microorganisms. However, the mechanisms of irAE occurrence might differ slightly among organs due to variations in their structures and the functions of resident immune cells. Future research should focus on the development of targeted drugs for the prevention or treatment of irAE based on the mechanisms by which irAE occurs in different organs. A deeper understanding of the mechanisms underlying irAE occurrence would aid clinicians in effectively utilizing ICIs and provide valuable guidance for their clinical application.
The operation process of a hospital is a process of resource consumption. In order to compensate the cost of consumption, it is necessary to develop a reasonable pricing mechanism of medical services. This paper discusses the pricing mechanism of medical service from the aspects of researches on the pricing mechanism of medical service in Chinese mainland, the enlightenment of the application of the pricing mechanism of medical service in Hong Kong and Taiwan, China, as well as foreign countries, and the practice of hospital price management, so as to make suggestions on the reasonable formulation of the pricing mechanism of medical service.
With the in-depth understanding of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, it has been found that the virus not only causes serious damage to the human respiratory system, but also damages the kidney system, which can be manifested as acute kidney injury, and in severe cases, renal failure can occur. Patients with coronavirus disease 2019 and chronic kidney disease are at higher risk of worsening their condition and even death. Therefore, early recognition and intervention of renal injury is particularly important for prognosis. In this paper, the clinical data of renal injury in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 were reviewed, and the possible pathogenesis, incidence, clinical features, diagnosis and treatment were proposed for reference in clinical decision-making.
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common clinical emergency of the abdomen with increasing incidence and lack of effective treatment. Traditional Chinese medicine, as a treasure of the Chinese people, has been used in the treatment of AP for decades with favorable therapeutic effects. Currently, clinical trials and experimental studies have shown that traditional Chinese medicine has the effects of inhibiting pancreatic enzyme activity, anti-inflammation, promoting gastrointestinal dynamics, as well as delaying the progress of AP, improving clinical symptoms, reducing related complications, and reducing the mortality rate. Therefore, traditional Chinese medicine has considerable clinic value in treating AP. Based on the related research progress and clinical practice of our team, the authors summarized the targets and mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine in treating AP.
Pain is one of the common complications of most diseases. Due to the unknown mechanism of pain, its treatment has been controversial. Repeated peripheral magnetic stimulation for pain has the advantages of non-invasiveness, painlessness, and well-targeted. However, the parameters of repeated peripheral magnetic stimulation for pain are not uniform due to various factors such as frequency, location of action, and coil type. In this paper, the parameters and efficacy of repeated peripheral magnetic stimulation for various kinds of pain such as acute and chronic low back pain, myofascial pain, migraine, peripheral neuralgia and post-traumatic pain are described, in order to providea theoretical basis for future research. In addition, the mechanism of repeated peripheral magnetic stimulation for pain has not been known, and this article will briefly summarize and explain on this.
With the surged prevalence of myopia, the pathogenic mechanism underlying myopia has attracted attention. At present, it is generally believed in the flied that the reduced blood perfusion in the choroid is crucial for myopigenesis. Then, in the process of myopigenesis, how are the blurred visual signals transmitted to the choroidal blood vessels through the retina and retinal pigment epithelium, leading to the reduced choroidal blood perfusion. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underpinning this process remain elusive. In recent years, the theory of scleral hypoxia has attracted much attention. Popular signaling molecules in current research include dopamine, epidermal growth factor, retinoic acid, cholinergic molecules and adenosine, etc. These factors are likely to participate in signal transduction in retina and RPE, thus causing changes in choroidal blood flow and affecting the occurrence and development of myopia. Therefore, these signaling factors and their downstream pathways may provide new ideas for the prevention and control of myopia targets.
Objective To review the osteogenic mechanism and osteogenic effects of bone morphogenetic protein 6 (BMP-6) so as to provide the basis for further research of BMP-6. Methods The related articles about the osteogenic mechanism and the osteogenic effects of BMP-6 in experimental animals were extensively summarized. Results BMP-6 from bone matrix can transduct the osteogenic signal to bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) by means of Smad protein signal transduction pathway. And the BMSCs which received the signals will differentiate into osteoblasts and chondroblasts. Therefore, BMP-6 plays an important role in the development and maturation of bone and cartilage. In addition, BMP-6 has a close relation with bone diseases, such as fracture, osteoporosis, and bone tumor. Conclusion The deep research of BMP-6 is expected to provide a new therapeutic approach for treating bone diseases of nonunion, osteoarthritis, and osteoporosis.