Objective To investigate the current situation, problems of medicinal biotechnology in China, and to provide the relevant countermeasures for its development. Methods We surveyed the units which could carry out medicinal biotechnology projects in 30 provinces except Tibet, and compared the results with that in America.Results The questionnaire were returned from 25 provinces (83.4%), and there were 1 477 medicinal biotechnology projects carried out by 149 units in the past 10 years. These projects ranged from basic biotechnology to regenerative medicine and stem cell researches. The basic research projects constituted quite large percentage among all the projects. But the development levels in different areas were imbalanced, cross correlation with the development levels of economy. An echelon team of talents has been developed, most of them were trained in China. The invested capital differed considerably among units, in general the amounts were insufficient. Most invested capital came from the government. The number of patent application for projects based on independent-developed technology was small. This showed that project principals had a poor understanding of patents. More than half of units did not have a Bioethics Committee. From the search result for documents, the number of articles on stem research of China was close to that in America; and the number of articles on gene treatment and tissue engineering has already exceeded that of America. However, research on gene diagnosis of China was lagging far behind America. Conclusions An echelon team of talents has been developed, most of them are trained in China.We should give full play to the advantage of the distribution of qualified personal resources in developed economical areas so as to promote the applicability and popularity of medicinal biotechnology in less developed areas.Regarding to applicability and development, we should first develop applied technology to form the core competetiveness of basic research, technology development and application; we should also strengthen the training in ethics and regulation to establish a set of scientific assessment of medicinal biotechnology and management system.
ObjectiveTo investigate the current status of the promotion of appropriate health technologies in Zhejiang province from 2009 to 2013, in order to provide baseline data for appropriate health technologies, application and research. MethodsThe status of promotion of appropriate health technologies in different regions of Zhejiang province were quantitatively described and compared according to the information in the websites of The Application and Promotion of Appropriate Techniques of Health, The Application and Promotion of Appropriate Techniques of Traditional Chinese Medicine as well as the Bank of Appropriate Technologies. Resultsa) A total of 127 Model Bases of Appropriate Health Technologies were set up, which were combined 127 leading institutions and 513 joint units, covering 11 cities, 40 counties, and 206 townships. b) The type of first aid base and chronic diseases base accounted for 33.0% and 25.3% of total types of model bases respectively; however, the number of bases dealing with rehabilitation care, public health and diseases referred to Ophthalmology & Otolaryngology and skin disease were very small. c) There were 486 appropriate health technologies promoted in Zhejiang province; appropriate technology about first aid, chronic diseases, women and children, rehabilitation care, public health, Ophthalmology & Otolaryngology and skin disease, traditional Chinese medicine and family planning accounted for 26.5%, 18.9%, 17.9%, 11.0%, 10.6%, 7.6%, 4.6% and 1.4%, respectively of total types of appropriate health technologies. d) The numbers of appropriate health technologies promoted in different regions were varied. Most of appropriate health technologies were promoted in more developed regions or more regions rich in health resources. Conclusiona) The model of "1+X" is used to promote the application of appropriate health technologies in Zhejiang province, and the prefecture-level regions of Zhejiang province have established the Model Bases of Appropriate Health Technologies in 11 cities. The promotion system of appropriate health technology is constructed and it achieves good results. b) In nine model bases, the most types of promotion bases are chronic diseases and first aid, and the technologies about first aid, chronic diseases, women and children are most promoted. c) The types of appropriate health technologies promoted in different areas are varied. d) It is necessary to evaluate and select appropriate health technology bases according to the burden of local disease and evidence.
ObjectiveTo understand the current situation of hospital infection management related to the hospital maternity ward, learn the risks of infection, discover problems existing in hospital infection management, and seek appropriate solutions for hospital infection. MethodsBetween January 2011 and December 2012, using uniform questionnaire for prospective survey and field interviews, we investigated the hospital infection situation in medical health care workers, pregnant women, and live newborns. ResultsA total of 2 225 questionnaires were retreated with a retreat rate of 100%. Hospital infection occurred in 23 cases, of which 15 cases were maternal infection (1.35%) and 8 cases were neonate infection (0.72%). Maternal infection was mainly focused on reproductive tract, surgery incision and urinary tract. Neonate infection was mainly focused on lower respiratory tract and skin. The management system of hospital infection in the maternity ward was basically strengthened, but the infection monitoring work was still not timely, and staff training in infection control knowledge was not in place. The overall environment, sterilization, disinfection and isolation should be strengthened, and there were also some other safety hazards. ConclusionThe management of infection in hospital maternity ward is the key to control the infection in maternity ward. The infection management seems perfect, but there are still some hidden dangers. The management system needs to be improved and the management should be implemented strictly according to the system, in order to avoid the occurrence of infection in maternity ward and ensure the safety of patients.
Objective To raise policy suggestions for public health bureaus by analyzing the mental health service in Chengdu City in 2004. Methods We applied descriptive methods to analyze the mental health service. Results The mental health resources in Chengdu City were insufficient and the utilization rate of health resources was low. Conclusions Strategies to improve this may include setting up mental health management sections; increasing the funds for health service; strengthening professionals training; exploiting the service field of relevant specialties and developing community mental health.
Moral education and professional quality training remain important part of medical education and talent training. This article aimed to conduct a questionnaire survey on medical college students about their professional ethics status and school education in professional ethics, so as to explore the paths and measures of medical students' professional ethics education. College education bears the primary responsibility for the medical students' professional ethics education, thus reasonable curriculum should be set up and teaching methods should be innovated; Industry environment and social ethos also have important implications on medical students' professional ethics cognition and behavior, so it is necessary to regulate the behavior of the medical industry according to law; Information age requires correct public opinion by means of network guidance, and under the impact of the pluralistic culture and values, doctors need to adapt themselves to our excellent traditional culture.
Objective To investigate the status of the knowledge, attitudes and intervention behaviors in medical professionals in the prevention and treatment of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), and explore the weak links in knowledge-attitude-practice of DVT. Methods From December 2017 to February 2018, a convenient sampling method was used to extract 158 medical professionals out of 204 medical professionals from Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University. The questionnaire included the general information and basic situation of DVT learning, the knowledge of DVT, intervention attitude and implementation of preventive measures. The survey involved orthopedic doctors, nurses, rehabilitation therapists and nutrition managers. Results A total of 158 questionnaires were distributed and 150 valid questionnaires were completed. The effective questionnaire recovery rate was 94.9%. The mean score of basic knowledge of DVT was 6.45±1.83, the mean score of risk factors was 13.29±3.38, the mean score of intervention attitudes was 9.57±0.78, and the mean score of prevention implementation was 23.33±5.85. Conclusions The knowledge-practice of DVT intervention in orthopedic medical staff is moderate, and the attitude of DVT intervention is better among medical staff. There are various characteristics and weaknesses in knowledge-practice. It is necessary to regularly carry out knowledge about DVT among medical staff to improve the professional level of medical staff to prevent and treat DVT.
Objective To investigate the disease constitution and drug application of inpatients in Yong’an Central Township Health Center (YaC) in Shuangliu County of Sichuan province in 2009, so as to provide baseline data for further research. Method Questionnaire and focus interview were carried out, case records and drug application information of YaC inpatients in 2009 were collected. The diseases were classified according to ICD-10 based on first diagnose. Drug application was analyzed based on pharmaceutical dosage form, pharmaceutical effect, cost, and clinical departments. Data including general information of the inpatients, discharge diagnosis, hospitalization expenses, and drug cost etc. were rearranged and analyzed by Excel software. Result a) The total number of inpatients was 4 335 and the female/male was 55.59% vs. 44.1%, their disease spectrum included 18 categories, which accounted for 85% of disease classes of ICD-10; b) The inpatients suffered from top 5 systematic diseases were 3 531, accounted for 81.45%, which included the respiratory, digestive, urinary tract and urogenital, circulatory systems, as well as trauma and toxicosis. Except the trauma and toxicosis, the female was more than the male in all the rest main systematic diseases; c) The top 15 single diseases were chronic bronchitis in acute stage, acute upper respiratory infection, pneumonia, acute gastroenteritis, chronic bronchitis, urinary stone, acute appendicitis, chronic gastritis, acute gastritis, vertebrobasilar ischemia, cesarean section, fracture, acute urticaria, and meniere disease; d) The total inpatients with top 15 single diseases accounted for 59.81%, including 6 chronic diseases and 9 acute diseases. The patients’ average costs of chronic disease were higher than that of acute disease; and e) The proportion of western medicine cost accounted for 80% to 90% of total cost, and the cost of anti-microbial drugs and drugs of humoral regulation ranked as the top two. Conclusion a) The inpatients in 2009 are mainly in age of 25 to 59, and over 60 years old as well. The top two diseases mainly attacked are in respiratory and digestive systems, acute diseases are more than the chronic; b) Except for pneumonia, urinary stone, uroschesis, urinary stone, trauma, and toxicosis, the female inpatients are more than the male for complaining all other diseases; c) The number of inpatients received hysterotomy is as 4.24 times as that of natural labor, and the rationality should be paid attention to; d) The commonly used drugs, according to the costs, involve in 4 kinds of drugs and 1 kind of vaccine, which are in accordance with the main burden of the diseases; e) Supervision should be focused on the drugs of high cost or the one most frequently used; and f) The 0.9% Sodium chloride injection, Glucose injection and Cefuroxime listed in the EML (2009) satisfy the needs of treatment for YaC inpatients in 2009.
Objective To investigate the disease constitution and cost of inpatients in Gaozha Central Township Health Center (GzC) in Wuzhong City of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region from 2008 to 2010, so as to provide baseline data for further research. Methods A questionnaire combined with a special interview was carried out, and case records and cost information of GzC inpatients in 2008, 2009 and 2010 (from January to November) were collected. The diseases in discharge record were classified according to International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) based on the first diagnose and the cost was analyzed. Data including general information of the inpatients, discharge diagnosis, hospitalization expenses, and drug cost etc. were rearranged and analyzed by Excel software. Results a) The total number of the inpatients was 1124, 642 and 747 in 2008, 2009 and 2010, respectively. The female was more than the male in both 2008 (59.34% vs. 40.66%) and 2009 (60.75% vs. 39.25%), and their disease spectrum included 17 categories, which accounted for 81% of ICD-10; b) The top six most commonly seen systematic diseases with a constituent ratio from 86.63% to 92.06% in recent three years were as follows: the respiratory system, digestive system, circulatory system, genitourinary system, injury and toxicosis, skeletal musculature and connective tissue disease. Except the injury and toxicosis, the other five systematic diseases were commonly seen in females rather than in males; c) The top 15 monopathies in recent three years were pulmonary infection, tracheitis or bronchitis, coronary heart disease, soft tissue injury, gastritis or chronic gastritis, upper respiratory infection, hypertension, urinary tract infection, prolapse of lumbar intervertebral disc, pelvic inflammation, fracture, pneumocardial diseases, superficial injury, chronic cholecystitis and arthritis; d) The main burdens of disease for inpatients focused on 35-54 age groups, then followed by the age groups above 55 in 2008 and 2009. Except the injury and toxicosis, the other diseases were commonly seen in females rather than in males. Pulmonary infection focused on the age groups above 35; the onset of hypertension increased obviously and a sharp rise of hypertension existed in the 45-54 age groups in 2008, but the hypertention focused on 35-44 age groups in 2009; e) The total inpatients with top 15 monopathies accounted for 64.06% to 71.21%, including 8-9 chronic diseases ranking higher in 2010, and 6-7 acute diseases focusing on infection and injury; and f) The average costs of chronic diseases were higher than those of acute diseases. Conclusion a) There is a big gap between GzC and Yong’an Central Township Health Center (YaC) regarding the level of the regional economic development, the situation of disease burden and cost of inpatients. The former is demonstrated as general Central Township Health Center, while the latter as affluent Central Township Health Center in western China; b) In recent three years, the main systematic diseases are in respiratory, circulatory and digestive system; the inpatients suffer from more chronic diseases rather than acute diseases in their young age; the acute diseases mainly include infection and injury, and the pulmonary infection has ranked as the first during the past three years; c) The inpatients in 2008 and 2009 are mainly in ages of 35 to 54, and then are over 55 years old. Except the injury and toxicosis, the other diseases were commonly seen in females rather than in males; d) The patients’ average costs of chronic diseases for hospitalization and drug in 2010 were lower than those of YaC. Consideration on reasonable constitution of the cost for hospitalization should be paid attention to; and e) It is urgent to strengthen the construction of infrastructure and informatization in GzC.