Objective To investigate the effects of recombinant adenovirus-mediated co-transfection of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) gene and erythropoietin (EPO) gene on promoting hematopoietic stem cells directly producing erythrocyte vaccine against colon cancer. Methods The expression adenovirus vectors carrying CEA and EPO or green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene were constructed respectively, and recombinant adenovirus carrying CEA, EPO or GFP were packaged and produced respectively. The bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) of mice were isolated and cultured in vitro by anti-CD117 magnetic bead separation, and were transfected with CEA (CEA group), EPO (EPO group) or GFP (blank vector group), co-transfected with CEA and EPO (CEA-EPO group). The expressionsof CEA and EPO gene and its protein after transfection in supernatant fluid of culture were detected by realtime-PCR and Western blot method in each group. We had checked and obtained the vaccine with co-transfection of CEA gene and EPO gene by cell red line marker antibody CD71 and GPA, then we carried on experiments with the vaccine in vitro and in vivo. There were 4 groups in our trail: blank vector group, CEA group, EPO group, and CEA-EPO group. Results We had successfully gathered the hematopoietic stem cells, flow cytometry analysis result showed that there were significant differences before and after purification for positive selected samples (P<0.05). The expressions of double genes (CEA-EPO gene) and protein showed CEA-EPO gene were successfully transfected into the hematopoietic stem cells. We had confirmed erythrocyte vaccine with co-transfection of CEA and EPO gene by antibody CD71 and GPA with flow cytometry. The monocytes cytotoxicity on colon cancer cell line CT26 showed that lysis of target cells of CEA-EPO group were higher than those of other 3 groups when in proportion of 40∶1 (P<0.05). In the experimentation of neoplasma format, the volume of tumor and mortality were smaller or lower, but survival time was longer of CEA-EPO group in2 weeks after treatment (P<0.05). Conclusions The erythrocyte vaccine with co-transfection of CEA gene and EPO gene has efficient anti-tumor effects on colon cancer. Not only can promote hematopoietic stem cell directly producing erythrocyte vaccine, but also can produce tumor antigen vaccine against colon cancer.
Objective To investigate the situation and related factors of influenza vaccination among healthcare workers in Sichuan, and provide a basis for the formulation of the strategy of influenza vaccination. Methods From August 1st to August 6th, 2022, healthcare workers from 21 prefectures and cities in Sichuan province were selected by the hospital infection quality control centers to conduct an online questionnaire survey for status and related factors of influenza vaccination. Single factor analysis of vaccination rate was carried out by χ2 test, and the related factors of influenza vaccination were analyzed by binary multiple logistic regression model. Results A total of 3264 copies of questionnaires were distributed, and 3244 valid copies were recovered, with an effective recovery rate of 99.4%. The vaccination rate of influenza vaccine in the surveyed healthcare workers was 56.9% (1846/3244). The gender, age, professional title, position, department, hospital type, hospital nature, hospital level, influenza awareness, and influenza vaccination willingness were the factors resulting in statistically significant differences in influenza vaccination rate among healthcare workers (P<0.05). Binary multiple logistic regression indicated that age≥35 years old [odds ratio (OR)=0.799, 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.681, 0.937), P=0.006], the educational background being bachelor degree or above [OR=1.221, 95%CI (1.036, 1.439), P=0.017], position [nurses vs. doctors: OR=1.339, 95%CI (1.112, 1.612), P=0.002; technicians vs. doctors: OR=1.849, 95%CI (1.278, 2.676), P=0.001], the hospital type being specialized hospital [OR=1.804, 95%CI (1.446, 2.251), P<0.001], hospital level [secondary vs. primary hospitals: OR=0.344, 95%CI (0.271, 0.437), P<0.001; tertiary vs. primary hospitals: OR=0.526, 95%CI (0.413, 0.671), P<0.001], influenza awareness [fair vs. poor: OR=1.262, 95%CI (1.057, 1.508), P=0.010; good vs. poor: OR=1.489, 95%CI (1.142, 1.940), P=0.003], vaccination willingness [OR=4.725, 95%CI (4.009, 5.569), P<0.001] were related factors of influenza vaccination in healthcare workers. The influenza awareness was good in 416 healthcare workers (12.8%), fair in 1989 (61.3%), and poor in 839 (25.9%). The correct rate of influenza vaccination frequency was the highest (82.7%), while the correct rate of influenza contraindication was the lowest (3.2%). Among the healthcare workers, 2206 (68.0%) were willing to be vaccinated, of whom 1548 (70.2%) believed that they could protect people with weak immune function around them after vaccination; 1038 were unwilling to be vaccinated with influenza vaccine in the near future, of whom 335 (32.3%) believed that they had strong immunity and did not need to be vaccinated. Conclusions The influenza vaccination rate of medical staff is related to a variety of factors. Strengthening the publicity and education, and encouraging hospitals to provide free influenza vaccination, especially the correct understanding of contraindications, may be helpful to improve the vaccination rate.
Echinococcosis is a zoonotic and parasitic disease caused by tapeworms of the genus Echinococcus. The most common forms of the disease are cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE), caused by Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus mutilocularis, respectively, and posing a serious health challenge and economic burden to human society. The most adapted treatment is surgical excision plus chemotherapy, although which mostly is effective, the traumatic damage from the invasive procedure and the adverse effects of the prolonged chemotherapy are profound. Conventional preventions include controlling the source of infection, improving the sanitation in livestock slaughter, strengthening surveillance, and increasing public health education. However, the outcome is limited by the complicity of the geographical nature, cultural background, and unique lifestyle. Vaccination is the most safe and cost-effective way to control infectious diseases. The partial success of recombinant Eg95 as a veterinary vaccine had established a theoretical foundation for the development of a human echinococcosis vaccine, which will shed a light on the prevention, control, and eventual elimination of the human infection. There are promising vaccine candidates in the research and development pipelines in the form of parasite tissue extract proteins, recombinant proteins, nucleic acids, synthetic antigenic epitopes, and vector vaccines. These candidates have shown potential to induce protective humoral and cellular immune responses that block the invasion, eradicate the worm at an early stage, or prevent the onset of infection. We reviewed the progress in the vaccine development and discussed the challenges and solutions in the research and development to facilitate the licensure of a vaccine against human echinococcosis.
Objective To compare the clinical characteristics and treatment of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in the year of 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021. Methods A cross-sectional multicenter study was conducted on patients with stable COPD from 13 hospitals of China south area in year of 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021. The demographic data, pulmonary function, COPD assessment test (CAT), exacerbation in the past year and treatment regimens were collected. Results The CAT scores of the COPD patients in the year of 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021 were (16.5±6.7), (14.5±6.7), (14.1±6.2) and (13.4±6.6), respectively. The CAT scores decreased year by year (P<0.05). The forced expiratory volume in one second percentage predicted value (FEV1%pred) of the COPD patients in the year of 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021 were (52.8±21.4)%, (51.3±19.2)%, (53.4±21.5)% and (56.6±21.7)%, respectively. Compared with year of 2018, the patients in 2019, 2020 and 2021 had higher FEV1%pred. Compared with year of 2019 and 2020, the patients 2021 had higher FEV1%pred (P<0.05). The median of exacerbation in the past year of the COPD patients in the year of 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021 were 1, 1, 0 and 0, respectively. Compared with year of 2018 and 2019, the median of exacerbation in the past year in 2020 and 2021 were lower (P<0.05). The proportion of double [long-acting β2-agonist (LABA)+long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA)] and triple inhaled [LAMA+LABA+ inhaled corticosteroid (ICS)] drugs were 0%, 0.7%, 3.5% and 17.0%, as well as 47.9%, 41.2%, 27.8% and 26.0%. Compared with year of 2018 and 2019, the proportion of double inhaled drugs in 2020 and 2021 was higher, while triple inhaled drugs was lower (P<0.05). In addition, the proportion of influenza vaccine/pneumonia vaccine was 0%, 0.1%, 3.5% and 4.3%, respectively. Compared with year of 2018 and 2019, the proportion of influenza vaccine/pneumonia vaccine in year of 2020 and 2021 was higher (P<0.05). Conclusions Symptoms and exacerbation burden of patients with COPD tend to be less in China in recent years and the time of patients visited hospital tends to move forward. Furthermore, the proportion of patients with double inhaled drugs (LABA+LAMA) increased, while triple inhaled (LAMA+LABA+ICS) decreased. In addition, the proportion of patients vaccinated with influenza/pneumonia is increased but the overall proportion is still low.
ObjectiveTo systematically review the safety and immunogenicity of quadrivalent HPV vaccine among healthy population. MethodsDatabases including PubMed, EMbase, CBM, The Cochrane Library (Issue 9, 2013), CNKI, Web of Science and WanFang Data were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) about safety and immunogenicity of quadrivalent HPV vaccine from inception to October 2013. Meanwhile handwork retrieval was also conducted and references of included literature were retrieved. Two reviewers independently screened literature according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, extracted data, and assessed methodological quality of included studies. Meta-analysis was then conducted using RevMan 5.2 software. ResultsA total of 9 studies were finally included consisting of 8 RCTs and involving 39 688 patients. The result of meta-analysis showed that:a) for safety, the incidence of injection adverse reaction (swelling and red spots) in vaccine group was higher than that in placebo group (RR=1.22, 95%CI 1.13 to 1.32, P<0.000 01); while the incidences of systemic adverse reaction (RR=1.03, 95%CI 0.99 to 1.07, P=0.1) and serious adverse reaction (RR=1.06, 95%CI 0.75 to 1.50, P=0.74) were alike between the two groups; and b) for immunogenicity, the serum antibody seroconversion rates in the vaccine group (including subtypes of HPV6, HPV11 HPV16 and HPV18) were all higher than those in the placebo group, with significant differences. ConclusionCompared with placebo, quadrivalent HPV vaccine has relatively high incidences of adverse reaction and high-degree immunogenicity, which can be widely used in the prevention of relevant diseases of human papillomavirus infection among adolescents. The main adverse reaction is local dysfunction, which is well tolerated, so the vaccine can be safely used. Due to limited quantity and quality of the included studies, the above conclusion should be verified by further conducting more large-scale, multicentre, high quality RCTs.
Fungal infection is an important clinical problem for patients with immune deficiency or immunosuppression. With deadly fungus infection case increasing, the development of antifungal vaccine attracts the attention of researchers. Dendritic cell (DC) is the unique antigen presenting cell (APC) to trigger the antifungal immune reaction, and recent studies indicate that the targeted vaccination strategy based on DC have prospective antifungal potentials. In this paper, we review the antifungal immunity mechanism and recent development of the targeted DC antifungal strategy.
ObjectiveTo analyze the correlation between the vaccination status of inpatients with Omicron variant infection and the risk of Omicron critical illness. MethodsA retrospective analysis was performed on the clinical data of patients with Omicron infection admitted to a designated hospital for COVID-19 in Chengdu from December 1, 2022 to January 31, 2023. Patients were divided into critical group and non-critical group according to their condition and the "COVID-19 Diagnosis and Treatment Program (Tenth Edition)". According to the vaccination status, the patients were divided into incomplete vaccination group, full vaccination group and booster vaccination group. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the association between vaccination, symptoms and signs at admission, and the risk of critical illness. ResultsA total of 3 603 inpatients with Omicron infection were included, including 730 cases (20.3%) in the critical group and 2 873 cases (79.7%) in the non-critical group. There were 2 399 people (66.6%) in the incomplete vaccination group, 433 people (12%) in the full vaccination group, and 771 people (21.4%) in the booster vaccination group. Compared with the incomplete vaccination group, the proportion of critical illness in the full vaccination group and booster vaccination group was lower, and the critical illness rate increased with age (P<0.05). After adjusting for age, gender, and underlying diseases, the results of multivariate logistic analysis showed that full vaccination (OR=0.67, 95%CI 0.50 to 0.89) and booster vaccination (OR=0.76, 95% CI 0.61 to 0.94) were significantly associated with a reduced risk of critical illness. ConclusionFull vaccination and booster dose can effectively reduce the risk of critical illness after infection.
Objective To evaluate the adverse events following immunization (AEFI) of meningococcal vaccines, so as to provide references for the appraisal and treatment of AEFI. Methods The Chinese Bio-medicine Database (1978 to April, 2010), China Journal Full-text Database (1994 to April, 2010), VIP Database (1989 to April, 2010) and WangFang database (1988 to April, 2010) were fully searched, and the references listed in original studies were searched manually as well. Then two reviewers independently screened studies and abstracted relevant data.Results A total of 52 articles involving 61 cases were included. Among the AEFI cases, 72.13% were hypersensitive response, including henoch-schonlein purpura (accompanied with or without nephritis), anaphylactic shock, allergic eruption, angioedema, local allergic reaction and so on. Conclusion The results of this study show that meningococcal vaccines may result in AEFI. However, most AEFI are temporary and can be cured after treatment in time. In general, meningococcal vaccine is safe, but monitoring and treatment for AEFI are necessary.
Objective To summarize the research status of echinococcosis- specific vaccine antigens, analyze their sources and application prospects, and to provide new ideas for the development of echinococcosis vaccine antigens and drug treatment. Method Research on echinococcosis-specific vaccine antigens at home and abroad was searched and reviewed. Results Natural hydatid antigens, such as cystic fluid crude antigen, protoscolex segment, germinal layer, etc. often appear due to the difficulty of material acquisition and cumbersome preparation, resulting in unstable evaluation indicators such as sensitivity and specificity. The gene or protein sequences of a new recombinant hydatid antigen was accessible, the reproducibility and specificity were better, and it was more suitable for batch production testing, which was the main direction of current research, such as rAgB8/1, rEm18, rEm2, etc. Conclusions Vaccine development is one of the main directions for the elimination of hydatidosis. In the interaction between echinococcus and human or animal hosts, the natural structural proteins or excretion/secretion proteins of echinococcus stimulate the host to produce anti-parasites immunity and immune clearance, and the search for these specific protein antigens is of great significance for vaccine development, and new drug treatment.