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A Brief Analysis of Formation Mechanism and Related Issues of Psammoma Body in Human Tumors .

Objective To understand the latest research developments of the formation mechanism of psammoma body in human tumors and related issues. Methods Related domestic and foreign literatures were widely referred, analyzed, and reviewed. Results Psammoma body is unique pathological calcification in some tumors, which is arranged in concentric, laminar circles microscopically. Psammoma body is commonly seen in thyroid papillary carcinoma, meningiomas, ovarian serous papillary carcinoma, and so on. Conclusions Although arranged in concentric, laminar circles microscopically in tumor, the formation process of psammoma body is not entirely the same in different tumors. A comprehensive and objective understanding of psammoma body would be useful in cancer diagnosis and treatment.

Research progress of chemokines and their receptors in gastric cancer

Objective To understand role of chemokines and their receptors in pathogenesis, progression, and metastasis of gastric cancer, and to provide a better approach for diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer. Method The literatures about the relationship between chemokines and their receptors and gastric cancer were reviewed. Results There were about 50 various chemokines and their receptors abnormally expressed in the tumor microenvironment. The main types related gastric cancer were the CXC, CC and CX3C chemokines and their receptors, which could promote the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of the gastric cancer through several pathways like mTOR pathway, JAK2-STAT3 pathway, etc.. Conclusions Chemokines and their receptors play an important role in occurrence and development of gastric cancer. Further studies on chemokines and their receptors will not only assist in early diagnosis of gastric cancer, as well as estimation of clinical prognosis, but also provide an intervention target for gastric cancer.

Analysis of No.12b Lymph Node Dissection for 60 Cases of Advanced Distal Gastric Cancer Accepting D2 Lymphadenectomy

Objective To study the necessity and feasibility of No.12b lymph node dissection in D2 lymphadenectomy for advanced distal gastric cancer, and the relation between No.12b lymph node metastasis and clinicopathologic factors. Methods Clinical data of sixty cases of advanced distal gastric cancer receiving D2 or D2+ radical correction were collected retrospectively, both of which were all plus No.12b lymph node dissections. The relationships between No.12b lymph node metastasis and clinicopathologic factors were analyzed. Results No death attributed to operation or severe operative complications were found. There were 12 cases (20.00%) with No.12b lymph node metastasis. The rates of No.12b lymph node metastasis in Borrmann Ⅲ-Ⅳ types, N2-3 of lymph node metastasis and T3-4 of tumor infiltration were 31.25% (10/32), 30.30% (10/33) and 29.73% (11/37), which were significantly higher than those in Borrmann Ⅰ-Ⅱ types 〔7.14% （2/28）〕, N0-1 〔7.41% （2/27）〕 and T1-2 〔4.35% （1/23）〕 respectively (Plt;0.05). There was no relationship between tumor size and No.12b lymph node metastasis. Conclusions No.12b lymph node dissection is safe and feasible for advanced distal gastric cancer. Further perspective studies on No.12b lymph node dissection influence on prognosis in more cases are required.

Study of Inhibiting The Expression of Survivin in Pancreatic Cancer Cells with RNA Interference

Objective To investigate the inhibitory effects of RNA interference (RNAi) expression vector on the expression of survivin in pancreatic cancer cell PANC-1. Methods The protein and mRNA expressions of survivin were examined with immunofluorescence and RT-PCR. The survivin gene was cloned into the T-vector and sequenced. The RNAi expression vectors targeting survivin, named si-svv-1 and si-svv-2 respectively according to whether they harbored a mutation or no mutation, were constructed and transfected into PANC-1 cells with liposome. The expression of survivin mRNA was detected with RT-PCR. Apoptosis of PANC-1 cells was analyzed with DNA ladder and FACS. Results There was a high degree expression of survivin in PANC-1 cells. The expression of survivin was not inhibited by RNAi expression vectors si-svv-1, but inhibited about (72.43±8.04)% by si-svv-2 and the apoptosis rate of PANC-1 cells increased to （12.36±1.44）% after 72 h. Conclusion The RNAi expression vector can effectively inhibit the expression of survivin in pancreatic cancer cell PANC-1 cells and induce the apoptosis in PANC-1 cells.

Research on the Induction of Apoptosis in MCF7 Cells Enhanced by Thapsigargin

ObjectiveTo study the apoptotic induction effect of Thapsigargin on estrogen receptor positive human breast cancer cell lines MCF7. MethodsCells were treated with Thapsigargin and 5FU in vitro. The rate of cell apoptosis and distribution of cell cycle were detected on flow cytometry. The cell viability was measured by MTT assay and ultrastructural changes in apoptotic cells were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy.ResultsThapsigargin could increase the rates both of cell apoptosis and growth supression of MCF7 cells induced by 5FU and alter the distribution of cell cycle. Under electron microscope, apoptotic bodies in MCF7 cells considerably increased.ConclusionThapsigargin apparently enhances the effect of apoptotic induction of 5FU on MCF7 cells, it is worthy of being further studied.

The Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment of the Primary Ureteral Carcinoma

目的：提高原发性输尿管癌的诊断与治疗水平。方法:回顾性分析20例原发性输尿管癌患者的临床表现、诊断与治疗方法。结果:对中老年人不明原因的单侧腰痛、肾积水、间歇性全程肉眼血尿应考虑该病。术前采用B超、IVU、CT、膀胱镜、逆行尿路造影、MRU检查，确诊为原发性输尿管癌14例，术后病理检查20例均为原发性输尿管移行细胞癌。结论：要提高原发性输尿管癌的术前诊断准确率，需要术前采用多种诊断方法。

外周血糖链抗原CA50及CA199在大肠癌中的应用价值

Expression of Krüppel like factor 8 in breast cancer and its clinical significances

ObjectiveTo detect the expression of Krüppel like factor 8 (KLF8) in breast cancer tissues and cells and to explore the clinical significance of KLF8.Methods① The Oncomine database was used to analyze the differential expression of KLF8 mRNA in the breast cancer tissues. The Kaplan-Meier Plotter database was used to analyze the relationship between KLF8 mRNA expression and prognosis (relapse free survival, overall survival, post-progression survival, and distant metastasis-free survival) of patients with breast cancer. ② The quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blot were used to detect the KLF8 expression levels in the 16 clinical patients with breast cancer and 7 breast cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, MCF-12A, Hs-578T, MCF-7, BT-474, MDA-MB-453, ZR-75-30) and normal breast epithelial cell lines MCF-10A, and the immunofluorescence was used to further detect the localization of KLF8 expression in the 2 breast cancer cell lines with higher KLF8 expression level. ③ The immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of KLF8 protein in 135 cases of breast cancer tissue microarrays, and the relationships between KLF8 protein expression and clinicopathologic characteristics or overall survival were analyzed.Results① The Oncomine database showed that KLF8 mRNA expression in the breast cancer tissues was higher than that in the normal breast tissues (P<0.001). The median KLF8 mRNA expression level was taken as the cut-off point for high or low KLF8 expression. The results of Kaplan-Meier Plotter data analysis showed that the prognosis (relapse free survival, overall survival, postprogression survival, and distant metastasis-free survival) of patients with low KLF8 mRNA expression were better than those of patients with high KLF8 mRNA expression (P<0.05). ② The results of qRT-PCR and Western blot all showed that the KLF8 mRNA and protein expression levels in the breast cancer tissues were higher than those in the adjacent normal tissues (P=0.002, P<0.001). In addition, the Western blot results showed that the expression of KLF8 protein in the 7 breast cancer cell lines was higher than that in the normal breast epithelial cell lines MCF-10A respectively, and KLF8 protein mainly expressed in the cytoplasm of breast cancer cells and highly expressed in the nuclear of a few cells. ③ There were 63 cases of high KLF8 expression and 72 cases of low KLF8 expression by the immunohistochemical analysis of 135 patients with breast cancer tissue microarray (the H-score of the immunohistochemical test results was 75 as the cut-off point, H-score >75 was the high KLF8 expression and H-score ≤75 was the low KLF8 expression), the differences of statuses of estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) between the patient with high KLF8 expression and low KLF8 expression were significant (P<0.05). The Kaplan-Meier survival curve analysis showed that the prognosis of patients with high KLF8 expression was worse than that of patients with low KLF8 expression (P=0.002). The univariate analysis showed that the TNM stage, statuses of ER and PR, and KLF8 expression were related to the prognosis of patients with breast cancer (P<0.05), further multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression analysis indicated that the later stage of TNM and high KLF8 expression were the independent risk factors (P<0.05).ConclusionsThe results of this study suggest that KLF8 highly expresses in both breast cancer tissues and breast cancer cells, which is related to the statuses of ER and PR and prognosis of patients with breast cancer. KLF8 might be involved in the progression of breast cancer as an oncogenic gene, or it might provide a new direction for prognosis judgment and molecular targeted therapy of breast cancer.

SUPPRESSION OF HUMAN HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA CELL GROWTH OF RETINOBLASTOMA SUSCEPTIBILITY GENG

The Chinese human hepatocellular carcinoma cell SMMC7721 has been analysed by flow cytometry, Southern blotting and Western blotting. The results indicated that SMMC7721 cell is a hypoploid cell with a 0.81 DNA index, and that SMMC7721 cell has internal deletion in the 5'-end of its Rb gene and has no Rb gene product (Rb protein). The normal Rb cDNA has been inserted into a retrovirus vector DOL and introduced into SMMC7721 cells by electrporation transfection technique.About 75% of transfected SMMC7721 cells have been killed by Rb gene product. The remain 25% cells are alive as exogenous Rb gene has been mutationally inactivated. （Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis,1994,10:21-24）

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中意外胆囊癌的外科治疗

【摘要】 目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）中意外胆囊癌（UGC）的外科治疗。 方法 回顾性分析2002年1月-2008年12月行LC中16例意外UGC的临床资料。 结果 16例UGC中，术中诊断10例，术后诊断6例；pT1 期5例，pT2期9例，pT3期2例。患者1、3和5年存活率分别为80.0%、73.3%、60.0%。pT1期患者5年存活率为100.0%，pT2期患者5年存活率为50.0%，pT3期患者5年存活率为0.0%。 结论 UGC患者的存活与肿瘤分期相关。pT1期UGC行LC即可。术中疑诊UGC需及时行冰冻病理检查，对于确诊pT1期以外的UGC应尽早开腹行UGC根治术，并采用必要措施防止肿瘤种植和转移。