Objective To discuss the treatment of craniocerebral injuries caused by earthquake. Methods Retrospective analysis of clinical information for 256 patients with craniocerebral injury caused by an earthquake. Results The ‘Classification and Treatment’ was applied to the patients, whether or not they were operated on. A total of 146 patients were cured, 68 improved, 24 remained dependent on the care of others, and 8 died. The mortality rate was 3.13%. Conclusion Applying the ‘Classification and Treatment’ to patients with craniocerebral injury following an earthquake supported the use of medical resources and was associated with a low rate of death and disability.
Objective To investigate the self-made classification criterion for mucous cysts of distal interphalangeal joint and the effectiveness of the surgical treatment. Methods Between July 2008 and August 2015, 33 patients with mucous cysts of distal interphalangeal joint were treated, and the clinical data were retrospectively analyzed. Among 33 cases, 15 were male and 18 were female, aged from 45 to 74 years (mean, 58 years). The disease duration ranged from 3 weeks to 1 year (mean, 5 months). The cyst located at thumb in 18 cases, index finger in 4 cases, middle finger in 6 cases, ring finger in 4 cases, and little finger in 1 case. According to location, mucous cysts were typed: proximity to one side of the finger extensor tendon and deviation from the midline of the finger named lateral type (22 cases); and at both sides of the finger extensor tendon named intermediate type (11 cases). The bilateral digital dorsal incision was made in the intermediate type patients, and the reverse L-shaped incision was made in the lateral type patients, then the degenerative tissue was resected, the osteophyte was removed, and the capsule was repaired; finally, mucous cysts were resected. Results All the patients were followed up 4 months to 2 years (mean, 14.5 months). The incision healed by first intention without infection after operation. Clinical symptoms obtained improvement and no recurrence was observed in 29 patients except 4 patients who died of other diseases during follow-up. Conclusion A surgical treatment for mucous cysts of distal interphalangeal joint is feasible according to the self-made classification criterion and it has the advantage of simple operation and definite effectiveness.
Feature extraction methods and classifier selection are two critical steps in heart sound classification. To capture the pathological features of heart sound signals, this paper introduces a feature extraction method that combines mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC) and power spectral density (PSD). Unlike conventional classifiers, the adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) was chosen as the classifier for this study. In terms of experimental design, we compared different PSDs across various time intervals and frequency ranges, selecting the characteristics with the most effective classification outcomes. We compared four statistical properties, including mean PSD, standard deviation PSD, variance PSD, and median PSD. Through experimental comparisons, we found that combining the features of median PSD and MFCC with heart sound systolic period of 100–300 Hz yielded the best results. The accuracy, precision, sensitivity, specificity, and F1 score were determined to be 96.50%, 99.27%, 93.35%, 99.60%, and 96.35%, respectively. These results demonstrate the algorithm’s significant potential for aiding in the diagnosis of congenital heart disease.
Objective To recognize and reevaluate the pathologic anatomic classification of ventricular septal defect （VSD）. Methods From January,2002 to October,2004,119 patients less than 10kg of body weight with simple VSD whose pathologic anatomic classification was determined by preoperative echocardiography and ascertained during surgery were choosed randomly. Results （1） There were fihy-one patients with perimembranous VSD （diameter 0. 6±1.0 cm）, 8 VSD situated in the membranous septum （diameter 0. 5±0.4 cm）, 21 VSD extending to inlet （diameter 0.8±0.5 cm）, 14 extending to outlet （diameter 1.0±0. 6 cm） and 8 extending to trabecula （diameter 0. 8±0.6 cm）. In this group, accessory tricuspid valve tissue was formed in 14 patients（diameter 0. 5±0.3 cm）. （2） Twenty-one patients had conoventricular VSD （diameter 1.2±0. 8 cm）, among them 13 VSD had muscle margins, 8 extending to membranous septum, 14 had septal band hypertrophy, and 5 had subaortic stenosis. （3） Twenty-six patients had subpulmonary VSD（diameter 0.8±0.8 cm）, 18 VSD lay immediately below pulmonary valve, 8 had muscle distant from pulmonary valve, 20 lay completely below pulmonary valve, and 6 lay below pulmonary valve and aortic valve. （4） Ten patients were atrioventricular canal type or inlet VSD （diameter 1.2±0.8 cm）. （5）Eleven patients had muscular VSD, among them 3 were single ,and 8 multiple （diameter 0. 4±0.3 cm）. Conclusion It will be more clinically significant that VSD is classified into perimembranous, conoventricular, atrioventricular canal or inlet, muscular and subpulmonary artery or conical types.
Objective To summary the pathological classification， clinical manifestations， diagnosis， and treatments of gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors （GE-NETs）. Methods Domestic and international literatures were collected to summary the status of clinical researches and treatments of GE-NETs. Results GE-NETs derived from enterochromaffin cells throughout the gut which had the function of amine precursor uptake decarboxylase （APUD）. These tumors secreted discrete bioactive substances and produced characteristic immunohistochemical patterns， making patients to manifest endocrine syndrome. But there were no unified standards on the diagnosis， grade， TNM classification， and prognosis of GE-NETs. Early diagnosis rate of GE-NETs was low， and most of tumors were asymptomatic and detected at late stage， with a tendency to metastasize to the liver. Imaging examation was important in early diagnosis of GE-NETs. Surgery was the traditional first-line therapy and the only possible curative approach. Somatostatin analogues， such as long-term-release （LAR） octreotide， could relieve the hormonal symptoms， slow down the tumor growth， and had shown synergistic antiproliferative activity in combination with biological agent everolimus. Conclusions The lack of standardized classification and an incomplete understanding of this disease are some of the impediments to the progress of treatment. Individualized comprehensive therapy is the aim of the future treatment.
ObjectiveTo sum up staging treatment experiences of hip preservation for avascular necrosis of the femoral head (ANFH) according to China-Japan Friendship Hospital Classification (CJFH Classification).MethodsThe literature about hip preservation of ANFH was extensively reviewed, and a staging treatment method for ANFH was set up base on CJFH Classification and the 28 years of clinical experience in this research group.ResultsAccording to CJFH Classification, the ANFH can be rated as types M, C, and L. And the type L is rated as L1, L2, and L3 subtypes. The staging treatment method for ANFH based on CJFH Classification is set up. Conservative treatment was selected for CJFH-M patients because the necrotic area is small and in the medial non-weight-bearing area. Minimally invasive sequestrum clearance, impacting bone graft, and supporting allogenic fibular graft is selected for CJFH-C patients because the necrotic area is also small and in the lateral non-weight-bearing area. If patients are in CJFH-L1, normal bone area is less than 1/3 on hip abduction radiograph, the sequestrum clearance and impacting bone graft via surgical hip dislocation approach can be selected. If patients are in CJFH-L1, normal bone area is more than 1/3 on hip abduction radiograph, the transtrochanteric curved varus osteotomy can be selected. The rotational osteotomy on the base of femoral neck via surgical hip dislocation approach is for CJFH-L2 patients. Total hip arthroplasty via direct anterior approach is for CJFH-L3 patients.ConclusionThe staging treatment method for ANFH according to CJFH Classification has good short-term effectiveness. But the long-term effectiveness needs further follow-up.
Objective To investigate new classification and repair methods for the traverse amputated fingertip. Methods From March 2000 to October 2006, 20 cases of 20 fingers with traverse amputated fingertip, including 13 males and 7 females aged 17-47 years, were treated. Twenty patients (9 crush injuries, 5 cutting injuries and 6 sawing injuries) were classified into 4 types, namely type I (the distal one third of nail bed), type II (the middle of nail bed), type III (the poximal one third of nail bed), and type IV (the root of nail bed). There were 3 patients (2 index fingers and 1 l ittle finger) of type I, 8 patients (2 thumbs, 3 index fingers and 3 middle fingers) of type II, 5 patients (3 index fingers, 1 ring finger and 1 l ittle finger)of type III, and 4 patients (2 thumbs, 1 middle finger and 1 l ittle finger) of type IV. The soft tissue defect ranged from 1.2 cm × 1.2 cm to 1.5 cm × 1.2 cm. The time from injury to surgery was 3-10 hours. Fingers of type I and type II were treated with forward flow axial flap and modified nail bed lengthening. Fingers of type III and type IV were treated with forward flow axial flap and partial nail bed replantation as well as modified nail bed lengthening. The flaps ranged in size from 1.5 cm × 1.2 cm to 2.0 cm × 1.4 cm. Results Twenty patients incisions healed by first intention and the flaps, nails and skin grafting survived. All donor sites healed by first intention. All patients were followed up for 2-6 months (4 months on average). The appearances of fingertips were good. The texture of the flap was soft, and the fingers had no tenderness and motor disturbance. The two-point discrimination was 4.5-6.5 mm．The finger nails of type I and type II extended 3-4 mm after operation, while the finger nails of type III and type IV extended 8-10 mm after operation. All finger nails were smooth and flat without pain. Hook nail happened in 1 case 6 months after operation. Conclusion Classification of the injured fingers according to the condition of the amputation base is helpful in choosing repair methods, and is conducive to maximize the recovery of the function and shape of fingertips.
ObjectiveTo introduce and interpret ABCD classification system for subaxial cervical spine injury. MethodsThe literature related to subaxial cervical spine injury classification system was extensively reviewed, analyzed, and summarized so as to introduce the ABCD classification system. ResultsThe ABCD classification system for subaxial cervical spine injury consists of 3 parts. The first part of the proposed classification is an anatomical descri ption of the injury; it del ivers the information whether injury is bony, ligamentous, or a combined one. The second part is the classification of nerve function, spinal stenosis, and spinal instabil ity. The last part is optional and denotes radiological examination which is used to define injury type. Several letters have been used for simplicity to del iver the largest amount of information. And a treatment algorithm based on the proposed classification is suggested. ConclusionThe ABCD classification system is proposed for simplification. However further evaluation of this classification is needed.
Speech expression is an important high-level cognitive behavior of human beings. The realization of this behavior is closely related to human brain activity. Both true speech expression and speech imagination can activate part of the same brain area. Therefore, speech imagery becomes a new paradigm of brain-computer interaction. Brain-computer interface (BCI) based on speech imagery has the advantages of spontaneous generation, no training, and friendliness to subjects, so it has attracted the attention of many scholars. However, this interactive technology is not mature in the design of experimental paradigms and the choice of imagination materials, and there are many issues that need to be discussed urgently. Therefore, in response to these problems, this article first expounds the neural mechanism of speech imagery. Then, by reviewing the previous BCI research of speech imagery, the mainstream methods and core technologies of experimental paradigm, imagination materials, data processing and so on are systematically analyzed. Finally, the key problems and main challenges that restrict the development of this type of BCI are discussed. And the future development and application perspective of the speech imaginary BCI system are prospected.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) presents with complex and diverse clinical manifestations, making accurate and objective diagnosis challenging when relying solely on clinical assessments. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop reliable and objective auxiliary diagnostic models to provide effective diagnosis for PTSD patients. Currently, the application of graph neural networks for representing PTSD is limited by the expressiveness of existing models, which does not yield optimal classification results. To address this, we proposed a multi-graph multi-kernel graph convolutional network (MK-GCN) model for classifying PTSD data. First, we constructed functional connectivity matrices at different scales for the same subjects using different atlases, followed by employing the k-nearest neighbors algorithm to build the graphs. Second, we introduced the MK-GCN methodology to enhance the feature extraction capability of brain structures at different scales for the same subjects. Finally, we classified the extracted features from multiple scales and utilized graph class activation mapping to identify the top 10 brain regions contributing to classification. Experimental results on seismic-induced PTSD data demonstrated that our model achieved an accuracy of 84.75%, a specificity of 84.02%, and an AUC of 85% in the classification task distinguishing between PTSD patients and non-affected subjects. The findings provide robust evidence for the auxiliary diagnosis of PTSD following earthquakes and hold promise for reliably identifying specific brain regions in other PTSD diagnostic contexts, offering valuable references for clinicians.