Objective To review the current research status on the diagnosis and treatment of fracture-related infection (FRI). Methods The research literature in the field of FRI both domestically and internationally in recent years were widely reviewed, and the research progress of FRI from the aspects of definition and classification, epidemiological characteristics, diagnosis and treatment elaborated, in order to provide reference for clinical application. Results In recent years, specific classifications for FRI have gradually emerged. FRI is characterized by high incidence, high recurrence, high disability rates, and significant economic costs. Key diagnostic points include clinical signs and symptoms, imaging tests, serological biomarkers, pathogen identification, and histopathological examination. Treatment principles encompass debridement, management of implants (retention or removal), systemic and local antibiotic use, reconstruction of bone and soft tissue defects, and functional and psychological rehabilitation. Conclusion Although FRI is a catastrophic complication following limb bone trauma, early precise diagnosis and standardized treatment are key to improving cure rates, reducing recurrence, and enhancing patients’ quality of life.