The hallmark lesions of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are drusen and basal linear deposit which are lipid substances deposited in Bruch membrane or the compartment on the Bruch membrane. There is a prevailing hypothesis that lipid and its oxidized derivant deposited in retina may have important roles in the pathogenesis of AMD. Lipid oxidation products are toxic, may affect the adjacent cells, induce inflammation, and trigger neovascularization.7-ketocholestoral (7KCh), a naturally occurring oxidized form of cholesterol, had been found to be toxic to retinal cells and able to induce chronic inflammation, which may play a critical role in the development of AMD. However the precise mechanism remains to be elucidated. Thus we will make a brief review of 7KCh and its association with AMD.
ObjectiveTo study the effects of the new small molecular oxygen free radical scavenger Tempol on the survival and vasculogenesis of the long random pattern skin flap (LRPSF) and its mechanism. MethodsEighty-four male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into control and Tempol groups (42 rats in each group). LRPSF of 9 cm×3 cm in size were prepared on the backs of rats in two groups based on the Mcfarlane flap. Rats were administered with Tempol (100 mg/kg) in the Tempol group and with normal saline in the control group by intraperitoneal injection at 15 minutes before operation and at 1-7 day after operation. The rat and the skin flap survival conditions were observed after operation; the survival rate of skin flap was measured, and the vascular structure, vascular volume, and total length of blood vessels were analyzed with Micro-CT three-dimensional imaging after 7 days; HE staining was used to observe the structure of the skin flaps and inflammation, immumohistochemical staining to observe vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression; water-soluble tetrazolium-1 method was used to measure the content of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA), and ELISA to detect the expressions of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) after 1, 3, and 7 days. ResultsAll of rats survived after operation, without hemorrhage, edema, and infection. With the extension of time, necrosis occurred in the distal part of the skin flaps in 2 groups, but the necrosis degree of the Tempol group was lower than that of control group; meanwhile, the blood vessel distribution and continuity were better than those of control group. The skin flaps survival rate, vascular volume, and total length of blood vessels of Tempol group were significantly higher than those of control group after 7 days (P<0.05). The clearer skin flaps structure, lighter inflammation reaction and inflammation cell infiltration, and higher VEGF staining intensity were observed in the Tempol group than the control group after 7 days. There was no significant difference in SOD, MDA, and TNF-α, and IL-6 contents between the 2 groups at immediate after operation. SOD significantly increased, but MDA, TNF-α, and IL-6 contents significantly decreased in the Tempol group when compared with control group after 1, 3, and 7 days (P<0.05). ConclusionTempol can significantly promote the LRPSF survival rates, its mechanism is closely related to the promotion of vasculogenesis and reduction of oxidative stress and inflammation.
ObjectiveTo observe the protective effect of Zhicao Tea Mixture on Müller cells and the expression of inflammatory factors in mice with diabetic retinopathy.MethodsSeventy-five C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into the normal control group, diabetes mellitus (DM) group, low concentrations group, medium concentrations group and high concentrations group, with 16 mice in each group. The diabetes model of mice in all groups except the normal control group were established by intraperitoneal injection of STZ (60 mg/kg). Four weeks after the successful modeling, the Zhicao Tea Mixture with low (30 ml/kg), medium (60 ml/kg) and high concentrations (120 ml/kg) were respectively administered by gavage. Weight and blood glucose of mice in each group were measured every two weeks. After 8 weeks, Western blot method was used to detect the mice retina Müller cells activation marker gelatinous fibrous acidic protein (GFAP). Immunofluorescence was performed to detect the expression GFAP and glutamine synthetase (GS). Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and ELISA were used to determine the mRNA and protein expression levels of mouse retinal VEGF, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 respectively.ResultsThe weight of mice in the DM group was lower than that of the normal control group, and the blood glucose was increased. Zhicao Tea Mixture had no effect on the weight of DM mice, but had a significant hypoglycemic effect. The GFAP expression (t=38.318, P＜0.001) in the retina of mice in the DM group was increased and GS expression (t=29.737, P＜0.001) was decreased compared with the control group. The GFAP expression (t=13.677, 19.387, 16.305; P＜0.05) in the retina of mice in the low, medium and high concentrations group were decreased and GS expression (t=5.170, 19.399, 6.705; P＜0.05) were increased compared with the DM group. The expressions of retinal inflammatory factors VEGF, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in DM group all increased, while the expressions of the above-mentioned inflammatory factors in the retina of mice decreased in the low, medium and high concentrations group.ConclusionZhicao Tea Mixture can decrease the blood glucose of DM mice and reduces the diabetic retinal inflammatory response.
ObjectiveTo investigate the expression of histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) in animal model of benign tracheal stenosis, and explore the mechanism of HDAC2 in development of tracheal stenosis.MethodsEighteen rabbits were randomly divided into a blank control group, a model group, and an erythromycin group, with 6 rats in each group. The model group and the erythromycin group underwent tracheostomy, the inner wall of trachea was brushed back and forth with a nylon brush for more than 20 times to induce benign tracheal stenosis. From 7 days before surgery to 9 days after surgery, the model group received gavage with saline, the erythromycin group received gavage with low-dose erythromycin in dose of 15 mg·kg–1·d–1, and the control group did not receive any treatment. On the 10th day after operation, all the rabbits were sacrificed and the trachea was cut to measure the tracheal stenosis. RNA and protein were extracted from the granulation tissue in the stenosis and the relative mRNA expressions of HDAC2, interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 in the granulation tissue were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR. The relative expression of HDAC2 protein was detected by Western blot.ResultsCompared with the blank control group, the tracheal stenosis in the model group was more obvious [(84.60±1.14)% vs.(27.00±6.44)%], the mRNA and protein expressions of HDAC2 were decreased (0.29±0.07 vs. 1.00±0.00, 0.20±0.02 vs. 0.49±0.04), the mRNA expressions of IL-6 and IL-8 were up-regulated (4.22±0.67 vs. 1.00±0.00, 162.72±23.23 vs.1.00±0.00). Compared with the model group, tracheal stenosis in the erythromycin group was relieved [(64.00±12.25)% vs. (84.60±1.14)%], the mRNA and protein expressions of HDAC2 were increased (0.42±0.14 vs. 0.29±0.07, 0.43±0.01 vs. 0.20±0.02), the mRNA expressions of IL-6 and IL-8 were decreased (0.72±0.24 vs. 4.22±0.67, 130.22±7.93 vs. 162.72±23.23). All the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). The Pearson correlation coefficient between tracheal stenosis and HDAC2 mRNA relative expression was –0.96 (P<0.05).ConclusionsThe down-regulation of HDAC2 expression in model of benign tracheal stenosis is related to the occurrence and development of tracheal stenosis. The low dose of erythromycin may be used to treat benign tracheal stenosis by up-regulating expression of HDAC2 and thus inhibiting the inflammatory disorder during tracheal injury repair.
Microvesicles (MVs) is small membrane vesicles released from different cell types under different conditions. Studies have shown that MVs may mediate vascular inflammation, angiogenesis, and other pathological processes. MVs may play an important role in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR) by mediating endothelial cell injury, thrombosis and neovascularization. The plasma MV level may be an effective parameter to monitor the development of DR. This article will summarize the research progress of the relationship between MVs and DR in recent years.
Atrial fibrillation(AF)is one of the most common cardiac dysrhythmia encountered in clinical practice. Although major advances in management and prophylaxis in recent years, AF continues to be associated with increased morbidity, repeated hospitalization, reduced quality of life, and even death, causing great social and economic burden. So far, the mechanism underlying AF is not completely elucidated. There is an enormous and complicated pathogenesis involved in the occurrence and maintenance of AF. At present, a lot of studies show that inflammation is closely associated with AF. Inflammation may take part in the occurrence and maintenance of AF through the influence of cardiac electrical remodeling and structural remodeling. This review focuses on research progress of correlation evidence of inflammation and atrial fibrillation and anti-inflammatory drug therapies of AF.
Lung injury could be classified as acute and chronic injuries, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lung function recovery mainly depends on inflammation adjusting, lung and airway remodeling, endogenous stem cell proliferation and differentiation, and tissue repair. The principles of clinical therapy include inhibition of inflammation, balancing coagulation and fibrinolysis, and protective lung ventilation for acute lung injury; while reduction of hyper-secretion, bronchodilation, adjusting airway mucosal inflammation and immunity, as well as improving airway remodeling for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The functional recovery of lung and airway depends on endogenous stem cell proliferation and repair. The purpose of clinical treatment is to provide assistance for lung and airway repair besides pathophysiological improvement.
Objective To explore the relationship between the structure and function of galectin-3， lipid metabolism disorders， and investigate the expression of galectin-3 in the occurrence and progress of lower limb arteriosclerosis block disease. Methods Related articles were reviewed. Results Galectin-3 participates in inflammatory reaction and lipid metabolism disorders， regulates the cell growth， differentiation， adhesion， apoptosis， and angiogenesis， and palys a role in the occurrence and progress of arteriosclerosis obliterans. Conclusion Galectin-3 is correlation with the occurrence， progress， and the prognosis of arteriosclerosis obliterans.
ObjectiveTo establish a cell inflammation model induced by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in human bronchus epithelial cells, and investigate the effects of glutathione S-transferase mu 5 (GSTM5) on the inflammation and oxidative stress. Methods16HBE cells were treated with TNF-α (10 ng/mL, 24 h) in the absence or presence of the constructed GSTM5 eukaryotic expression vector (1 μg/mL). The concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidation capacity (T-AOC) were detected by colorimetric method. The survival rate of cells was assessed by the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. The transcription level of NADPH oxidase-1 (NOX1), NOX2, NOX3, NOX4, NOX5, dual oxidase-1 (DUOX1) and DUOX2 were evaluated by RT-PCR. Western blot was performed to investigate the protein levels of NOX1 and NOX2. ResultsTNF-α simulation significantly increased the level of MDA in cells, and decreased the level of T-AOC and survival rate of 16HBE. When transfected with the GSTM5 eukaryotic expression vector, the concentration of MDA significantly decreased (P < 0.05), and the activation of T-AOC increased dramatically (P < 0.05). Consequently, the survival rate of 16HBE in the GSTM5 group improved (P < 0.05). The 16HBE cells transfected with the constructed GSTM5 eukaryotic expression vector had a lower transcription and protein levels of NOX1 and NOX2 (all P < 0.01). There were no significant changes in the mRNA expressions of NOX3, NOX4, NOX5, DUOX1 or DUOX2. ConclusionGSTM5 may down-regulate the transcription level of NOX1 and NOX2 to reduce the inflammation and oxidative stress induced by TNF-α.
ObjectiveTo summarize the advance of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1). MethodsLiteratures about the recent studies on the TREM-1 were reviewed. ResultsTREM1 was a mediator of inflammation. It could amplify the inflammation and lead to overexpression of inflammation in final. ConclusionTREM-1 is very important in development of many diseases and provide a new molecule target to cure.