ObjectiveTo observe the pathological changes of central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) by optical coherence tomography (OCT).MethodsFifty-three eyes of 53 patients who were diagnosed as CRAO in our center between January 2001 to January 2004 underwent the examination by OCT. The intervals between the disease onset and OCT examination were less than 2 weeks. The scan modes of OCT were horizontal or vertical line scan. The locations of scanning were macular, posterior pole of retina, optical papilla and the focus of bleeding or exudation.ResultsThe OCT pathological changes of CRAO in vivo includes increase of retinal thickness and reflex of retina, width of dark layer of photoreceptor (edema), edema or cystoid edema of fovea, retinal bleeding, cotton-wool spot and papilla edema. Four patients who had ciliary retinal artery showed normal retinal structure in the supply region of ciliary retinal artery.ConclusionOCT can display the pathological changes of retinal tissues in CRAO in vivo, especially on the old patients or the patients with systemic disease who were contraindicated by FFA. The unique OCT image of pathological changes of CRAO supply the objective signs for the instant clinical diagnosis.(Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 2005,21:74-78)
OBJECTIVE：Observing the clinical and pathological features of Coats disease. METHODS:Reviewing the clinical data and pathologic slides duly confirmed by pathology of 19 cases of Coats disease,which belonging to our college's Laboratory of Ophthalmologic Pathology from 1959 to 1994. RESULTS: 14 males,5 females,aged 1-18 years. More boys were affected than girls in the age group under 10 and that difference between both sexes became gradually less as they grew older. The main pathologic changes were the vascular dilatation and congestion of the outer layer of the retina,the uneven thickness of the vascular walls and the proliferation of the connective tissue. Retinal protuberance was seen in most of the advanced cases.with bleeding and vascular changes on its surfaces. The main pathologic changes were the detachment of retina and the appearance of many foam cells and crystals of cholesterol in the subretnal fluid,and calcification and ossification of the outer layer of the retina were found in some cases. CONCLUSION :Cytological examination of the subretinal fluid might be the liable method in differentiating between the Coats disease and retinoblatstoma. （Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis,1996,12: 157-159）
Objective To investigate the characteristics of the ocular fundus of Chinese patients with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV).Methods The photographs of ocular fundus of 42 Chinese patients (48 eyes) with PCV diagnosed by fundus photography, fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) were analyzed.Results In 48 eyes with PCV, 35 (72.9%) had subretinal hemorrhage, 13 (27.1%) had yellow-white exudation, 7 (14.6%) had subretinal tuberculum-like focus in tangerine peel at the posterior pole, and 26 (54.2%) had hemorrhagic or serous pigment epithelium detachment (PED). Thirty-six eyes（75.0%）had polypoidal dilations with branching vascular network, and the other 12 (25.0%) had scattered polypoidal dilations without identifiable continuous branching vascular network. The location for these lesions were at the macular region in 30 eyes (62.5%), arcade region in 6 (12.5%), peripapillary region in 3 (6.3%), and combination region in 9 (18.8%).Conclusions Most of the lesions in Chinese patients with PCV locate at the macular region and temporal vascular arcade. Most eyes are characterized by branching choroidal vessels with polyplike terminal aneurysmal dilations in ICGA. (Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis，2003，19：269-332)
Objective To evaluate the clinical characters of retinal arterial macoraneurysms. Methods The routine eye examination and fundus fluorescein angiography in 15 cases with macroraneurysms were reviewed. Results The macroaneurysms in the first, second and third bifurcation were 6,7 and 2 cases respectively.The macroaneurysms in the superio-temporal and inferio-temporal artery were 4 and 10 cases respectively.There was on case in both superio and inferio-temporal artery.The number of macroaneurysms was single in unitary-form were 13 cases.The diameter of the macroaneurysms were between 250～500 mu;m. Conclusions The FFA is helpful in diagnosis of macroaneurysms,and treatmnet of laser photocoagulation for the bleeding endangering the macular area. (Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 2001,17:207-209
Objective To observe the pathological changes of branch retinal artery occlusion (BRAO) by optical coherence tomography (OCT). Methods Twenty-six eyes of 26 patients with BRAO diagnosed in our Center from December 2002 to June 2005 were examined by OCT. The intervals of disease onsets and OCT examinations in all patients were within 2 weeks. The OCT scan modes were horizontal or vertical lines, and the locations of OCT scanning were macular area and the posterior pole of retina. The retinal thicknesses of macular foveola were measured and the macular thicknesses in different obstructive locations were compared using ANOVA analysis. The correlations of visual acuity and retinal thickness were analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis. Results Among the 26 eyes with BRAO, 9 eyes with temporosuperior artery occlusion, 8 eyes with temporoinferior artery occlusion, 7 eyes with arteriole occlusion and 2 eyes with retinal ciliary artery occlusion were observed. The pathological characteristics of OCT images of BRAO were increased retinal thickness and reflectivity in the obstructive locations, and widened dark area of photoreceptors (edema), while there was no obvious foveal edema were observed. The retinal images in other locations were normal. The average macular foveal thickness in the groups of temporosuperior artery occlusion, temporoinferior artery occlusion and retina arteriole occlusion were (161.11plusmn;17.66) mu;m, (148.38plusmn;18.48) mu;m and (136.29plusmn;14.94) mu;m, respectively (F=4.137,P=0.031,Pgt;0.01). There was no correlation of visual acuity with retinal thickness in 24 eyes (r＝0.285，P＝0.176，Pgt;0.01). Conclusion OCT could display the pathological changes of retinal tissue of BRAO in vivo. The increases of macular foveal thicknesses in BRAO eyes are not so obvious, and no correlations could be seen between visual acuity and macular foveal thickness. OCT is indicated on the old patients and the patients with systemic diseases for whom FFA is contraindicated. The unique characteristics of pathological changes of BRAO indicated by OCT images supply the objective signs for the instant clinical diagnosis. (Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 2007, 23: 173-176)
Objective To investigate the clinical features of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) in Chinese patients.Methods The clinical data of 71 continuous patients (142 eyes) who were diagnosed with PCV by fundus photography, fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were analyzed retrospectively.Results Eleven patients (11 eyes) of 71 patients (142 eyes) were diagnosed with PCV to make up 15.49% and 7.75% of the numbers of patients and affected eyes respectivery. The patients included 7 males (63.6%)and 4 females (36.4%). The predominant location for these lesions was the macular region in 10 eyes (90.9%). Fundus examination demonstrated the reddish-orange nodular elevations in 6 eyes. ICGA revealed umbrellalike or twiglike branching vascular networks and polypoidal dilations at the vascular terminals of the branches in all patients, and feeder vassels within choroidal vascular networks were found in 8 eyes. OCT images of retinochoroidal structures showed prominent anterior protrusion of the orange subretinal mass corresponding to the polypoidal structure in the indocyanine green angiogram. An apparent discontinuity was observed in the highly reflective layer which delineates the polypoidal structure.Conclusions PCV mainly affects the male over 50 years and the eyes involved were mostly unilateral. Most of polypoidal vascular lesions are present in the macul ar area. (Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis，2003，19：269-332)
Objective To analyze the problems in the diagnosis of Coats disease and its main causes of misdiagnosis. Methods The clinical data of a group of patients with Coats diseases who had undergone indirect ophthalmoscopy, ocular fundus photography, fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) and follow-up examination were retrospectively analyzed. The main causes of misdiagnosis were analyzed via reviewing the images of FFA and revising or confirming the initial diagnosis of Coats diseases according to the main features of abnormal dilation of retinal capillary vessels. Result In 68 patients (75 eyes), there were 45 cases whose initial diagnosis was Coats disease while the final diagnosis was not, in whom the final diagnosis was old retinal vein occlusion in 21, retinal vasculitis in 9, diabetic retinopathy in 3, old posterior uveitis in 3, congenital retinoschisis in 3, and proliferative vitreoretinopathy, familial exudative vitreoretinopathy, racemose hemangioma, old rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, macular epiretinal membrane, and idiopathic juxtafoveal telangiectasis in 1, respectively. There were 23 patients who was diagnosed as Coats disease in the final diagnosis but not the initial one. The initial diagnosis was old posterior uveitis in 6 patients, retinal vasculitis in 5, exudative age-related macular degeneration in 4, retinal main arterial tumor in 2, retinal angioma in 3, intraocular tumor in 2, and central serous chorioretinopathy in 1. Conclusions There are many problems in the clinical diagnosis of Coats disease. The main reason of misdiagnosis is that the clinicians can not comprehensively master the core of the definition of Coats disease and its clinical characters. (Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 2005, 21: 377-380)
ObjectiveTo observe the characteristics of images of optic coherence tomography (OCT) for the macular region of congenital retinoschisis and investigate its significance.MethodsThe data of OCT of 11 patients (20 eyes) with congenital macular retinoschisis diagnosed by direct or preplacedmirror ophthalmoscopy, fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), and electroretinography (ERG) were retrospectively analyzed.ResultsThe images of OCT showed split in the mid portion of sensory retina at the macula in all eyes. The retina of fovea centralis was divided by the split into two slightly thickening layers. In addition, in a few number of cases, the parafoveal sensory retina which became much thickening with 2 splits, was divided into 3 layers.ConclusionThe characteristic of images of OCT in macular congenital retinoschisis is the split cavity at the middle layer of the retina, and OCT has a high sensitivity in the diagnosis of congenital retinoschisis. (Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis, 2005,21:93-96)
Objective To investigate the clinical features of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. Methods The clinical manifestations and the findings of fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) of 7 eyes in 6 patients with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy were analyzed retrospec tively.Results The ophthalmoscopic examination of PCV in this series of patients revealed orange-red lesions mainly in macular region in early stage, and then hemorrhage, exudation, edema, serous and (or) hemorrhagic detachment of retinal pigment epithelium in affected portions in advanced stage, and retinal and choroidal atrophy in late stage. FFA discovered the vascular dilation at the border of the choroidal vascular network in 1 eye, dotted hyperfluorescence in 6 eyes, and patches of hyperfluorescence in late phase. ICGA disclosed a vascular branching network in choroid with polypoid pattern of the terminal path of the vessels of network in early phase in 5 eyes, and the typical dotted or clustered polypoidal hyperfluorescence in 7 eyes in late phase.Conclusion The characteristic findings of FFA and ICGA are very diagnostic for PCV. (Chin J Ocul Fundus Dis，2003，19：269-332)