ObjectiveTo summarize the clinical features and imaging features of CT in the omental torsion, and in order to reduce the misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis rate of imaging features. MethodsThe data of 16 cases of omental torsion (secondary 15 cases, primary 1 case) and 286 cases of acute appendicitis (eliminated the subhepatic and retroperitoneal ectopic appendix) in our hospital from 1998 to 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. ResultsEleven cases of omental torsion suffered from the shifting pain in right lower quadrant. No obvious shifting abdominal pain was observed in other 4 cases whose main manifestations were abdominal tenderness and rebound tenderness around umbilicus. The patient of the remaining 1 case had enclosed mass in the area of left groin with pain and suffered from continuous periumbilical pain. Abdominal spiral CT examination was performed in 16 patients before operation. Increased signal intensity of globular soft tissue, which deviating from McBurney's point, was found at level of distal umbilicus by preoperative spiral CT in 13 cases. One case of omental torsion associated with ncarcerated inguinal hernia was missed. ConclusionsOmental torsion manifests chiefly shifting pain in right lower quadrant, abdominal tenderness, and rebound tenderness around umbilicus. It is easily confused with appendicitis. Abdominal spiral CT should be chosen as a preferred means in preoperative diagnosis of omental torsion.
Objective To summarize the important role of myeloid differentiation factor 88 （MyD88） in toll like receptor （TLR） signaling pathway， and to summarize the relationship between MyD88 and relative diseases， and its potential application value. Methods Domestic and international publications online involving the role of MyD88 in TLR signaling pathway and the influence of MyD88 in some kinds of diseases in recent years were collected and reviewed. Results MyD88 was an important adapter protein， and played a connecting role in the TLR signaling pathway. It was the bottle neck of TLR signaling pathway， and could lead to the activation of many transcription factor to initiate innate immune response. It was also related to a variety of diseases. Conclusions MyD88 is the key adapter protein in TLR signaling pathway. It plays an important role in innate immunity， acquired immunity， and a variety of diseases， so it is a potential therapeutic target.
Objective To introduce the basic research and cl inical potential of the hair foll icle stem cells related signal transduction in prol iferation and differentiation. Methods The recent original articles about the hair foll icle stem cells were extensively reviewed. Results Many different signal pathways had been involved in the skin development and self-newals.The hair foll icle stem cells could play an important role in the skin self-renewal and regeneration which were modulated by several different signal pathways, which included bone morphogenetic protein/transforming growth factor β, Wnt, Notch and ectodysplasin A genes. Conclusion The hair foll icle stem cells may be a future approach to repair cutaneous wounds as a cell therapy．
Objective To review the progress and application of peripheral nervous microelectrode. Methods The recent articles on peripheral nervous microelectrode were extensively reviewed. The classification, the progress of the peripheral nervous microelectrode and its utilizable prospect in the control of electronic prosthesis were summarized. Results The microelectrodes had favorable functions of selective stimulation and recording. It provided an information transmitting interface between the electric prosthesis and peripheral nerves. Conclusion Peripheral nervous signal is a feasible signal source to control electronic prosthesis.
Objective To summarize the relationship between tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6 （TRAF6） and apoptosis. Methods Domestic and international researches on progress of TRAF6 and apoptotic signaling pathway， especially focused on the functional features of TRAF6 in different system diseases were searched and reviewed. Results TRAF6 took part in several signaling pathways， which had been implicated in regulating apoptosis， and its roles differed in different system diseases and in different conditions. TRAF6 promoted tumorigenesis by inhibiting apoptosis， while it played a proapoptotic or prosurvival role in nervous system and inflammatory diseases. Conclusion TRAF6 plays an important role in apoptosis and involves in the development of tumor， nervous system disease， and inflammatory diseases.
Objective To retrospectively assess the importance and imaging appearance of the signal intensity， the signal noise ratio (SNR), the contrast noise ratio (CNR) and enhancement patterns of early arterial phase in diagnosis and differential diagnosis of small hepatic nodular lesions on MRI. Methods Conventional spin-echo T2W, 2D GRE T1W plain scan and Gd-enhanced 3D-VIBE multi-phasic (early arterial, late arterial and portal venous phase) acquisitions were performed for 68 consecutive patients with 102 lesions on MRI. Native T2W and 2D GRE T1W were acquired first, then 3D-VIBE fast scanning at early arterial, late arterial and portal venous phase respectively. The SNR, CNR, signal intensity and enhanced pattern of the nodular lesions appearances on plain scan and eariy arterial phase were carefully observed. Results There were hyperintense in 102 (100%) lesions in T2W and hypointense in 95 (93.1%) lesions in T1W in plain scan. There were differences among the SNR, CNR of hepatic cyst, cavernous hemangioma, neoplasm metastasis and small hepatocellular carcinoma in T2W (P＜0.05)，the highest SNR and CNR of lesions were hepatic cyst. The SNR of small hepatocellular carcinoma and the CNR of hepatic cyst were highest in all the type diseases in T1W, there was significantly difference as compared with the other type diseases (P＜0.05). The enhancement rate of small hepatic nodular lesions was 76.5% in early arterial phase. The enhancement rate of small hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatic metastasis were 100% and 87.9% respectively. The non-enhancement rate of hepatic cyst were 100%. The common enhancement patterns of early arterial phase were peripheral enhancement which were 36 lesions (35.3%). The even enhancement and uneven enhancement were 22 lesions (21.6%) and 20 lesions (19.6%) respectively. Conclusion Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of MR signal intensity combined with the enhancement patterns of early arterial phase will help for qualitation and differential diagnosis of small hepatic nodular lesions on MRI.
【Abstract】Objective To investigate the apoptosis induced by TGF-β1 in human hepatic carcinoma cell lines and its relationship with p53 gene and Smad. Methods Three human hepatic carcinoma cell lines which involving in various status of the p53 gene were used in this study. TGF-β1-induced apoptosis in hepatic carcinoma cell lines was measured by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. To study the mechanism of TGF-β1-induced apoptosis, these cell lines were transfected with a TGF-β1-inducible luciferase reporter plasmid containing Smad 4 binding elements (SBE) and luciferase gene using Lipofectamine 2000, then treated with TGF-β1, relative luciferase activity was assayed. Results Of three cell lines studied with TUNEL assay, TGF-β1 induced apoptosis was observed in HepG2 cells (wild type p53). Huh-7 (mutant p53) and Hep3B (deleted p53) cell lines showed less apoptosis. Luciferase activity assay indicated that the response to TGF-β1 induction in HepG2 cells was increased dramatically but was not significant in Huh-7 and Hep3B cell lines. Conclusion HepG2 cells seem to be highly susceptible to TGF-β1-induced apoptosis compared with Hep3B and Huh7 cell lines. Smad 4 is a central mediator of the TGF-β1 signal transduction pathway.
ObjectiveTo review the mechanism and research progress of signal ing pathways which play key roles in the regulation of osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. MethodsRecent articles about signal ing pathways of osteoblast differentiation and bone formation were reviewed and comprehensively analyzed. ResultsAt present, multi ple signaling pathways have been found to be involved in the regulation of osteoblast differentiation and bone formation, among which bone morphogenetic protein-Smads, Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, Hedgehog, and fibroblast growth factor signaling pathways may play the most important roles. Not only each pathway has a complex regulatory mechanism itself, but also contacts and impacts with each other, thus they formed a more compl icated and sophisticated regulatory network, and regulate together osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. However, the mechanisms in detail of those pathways are still not very clear, because the animal experiment techniques are not yet mature as well as the relevant cl inical trials were carried out not too much. ConclusionThe complete molecular mechanism of osteoblast differentiation and bone formation should be further investigated, so as to lay a theory foundation for preventing and treating the common bone diseases in cl inical which are involve in osteoblast differentiation and bone formation.
Objective To investigate the mechanism of adenosine-tri phosphate (ATP) activated mammal ian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signal pathway in the physiology and pathology of spinal cord injury (SCI). Methods Ninety-six adult healthy female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (groups A, B, C and D, n=24). In groups A, B and C, the rats were made the SCI models at T8-10 levels by using a modified Allen’ s stall, and in group D, rats were given laminectomy without SCI. The rats were subjected to the administration of ATP (40 mg/kg) for 7 days in group A, to the administration of physiological sal ine (equal-volume) for 7 days in group B, to the administration of ATP (40 mg/kg) and rapamycin (3 mg/kg) for 7 days in group C, and to the administration of physiological sal ine (equal-volume) for 7 days in group D. Locomotor activity was evaluated using the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan rating scale at the postoperative 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th weeks. Then, the expressions of spinal cord cell marker [Nestin, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), gl ial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)] and the mTOR/STAT3 pathway factors (mTOR, STAT3) were detected at the postoperative 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th weeks by immunohistochemistry analysis, Western blot assay, and real-time fluorescence PCR analysis. Results The BBB scores in group A showed a steady increase in the postoperative 1st-4th weeks and were significantly higher than those in groups B and C (P lt; 0.01), but were lower than that in group D (P lt; 0.01). Real-time fluorescence PCR results showed that the mRNA expressions of mTOR, STAT3, NSE of group A steadily increased, however, the Nestin mRNA expression gradually decreased in the postoperative 1st-4th weeks, which were all significantly higher than those of groups B, C, and D (P lt; 0.01). The mRNA expression of GFAP showed a steady increase in group A and was significantly less than those of groups B and C, but was higher than that of group D (P lt; 0.01). There were significant differences (Plt; 0.01) in all markers between groups B, C, and group D; there were significant differences in mTOR, P-mTOR, STAT3, and P-STAT3 mRNA between groups B and C at 1st-4th weeks (P lt; 0.05). The similar changes were found by Western blot assay. Conclusion ATP can activate the mTOR/STAT3 pathway to induce endogenic NSCs to prol iferate and differentiate into neurons in rats, it enhances the heal ing of SCI.
Objective To investigate the expression of ectodysplasin (EDA) genesignaling and its relationship with the development and regeneration of sweat glands. Methods The articles concerned in the latest years wereextensively reviewed. Results EDA gene is an important signaling pathway associated with the developmental procedure of sweat glands in early fetal stage. Abnormality or depletion of function in sweat glands partially owed to the defect of EDA gene. Conclusion EDA signaling has its biological significance in inducing development and morphogenesis of sweat glands and in maintaining physiological function of skin. It could be a new approach to repair or regenerate the sweat glands for clinical therapy by regulating the expression of EDA gene.