OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of percutaneous bone marrow graft for the management of nonunion of tibia. METHODS From March 1996 to June 2000, 56 cases with nonunion of tibia were treated by autogenous bone marrow graft. Among them, there were 38 males and 18 females, aged from 19 to 72 years. A marrow needle was inserted into the site of the nonunion under the X-ray, the autogenous bone marrow was injected into the site of nonunion. Compression bandage and appropriate immobilization material were applied after operation. This procedure was repeated every month, 2 or 3 times was needed. RESULTS 56 patients were followed-up for 4 months to 4 years and 2 months, averaged 2.8 years. Fracture healed in 53 cases and X-ray displayed fracture line disappeared and a great deal of continuous callus formed, and nonunion in 3 cases. CONCLUSION Percutaneous autogenous bone marrow graft can play a role in osteogenesis at the site of nonunion. It is easy to aspirate bone marrow and the operation is simple. It has clinical application value for the satisfactory effect.
Objective To investigate the outcomes of arthroscopic reduction and internal fixation of tibial eminence avulsion fracture using absorbable double suture anchors. Methods Between February 2007 and August 2009, 18 patients with tibial eminence avulsion fracture were treated with arthroscopic reduction and fixation using absorbable doublensuture anchors. There were 12 males and 6 females with an average age of 30.6 years (range, 17-48 years). The disease causes were traffic accident injury in 4 cases, sport injury in 8 cases, and fall ing from height injury in 6 cases; the locations were left side in 7 cases and right side in 11 cases. The results of the anterior drawer test and Lachman test were positive. According to Meyers-McKeever classification, 10 cases were rated as type II, 7 as type III, and 1 as type IV fractures. The time from injury to treatment was 6-20 days (mean, 10.2 days). Results Incision healed primarily. All the patients were followed up 29.1 months (range, 13-43 months). The X-ray films showed good reduction of fracture immediately after operation and fracture heal ing at 3 months. At the last follow-up, the range of motion of knee was 0-130°. The results of Lachman test and anterior drawer test were negative in 18 cases and 16 cases, repectively; and the results of anterior drawer test were weakly positive in 2 cases. The mean Lysholm score was significantly improved from 53.9 ± 6.7 preoperatively to 91.6 ± 4.2 postoperatively (t=22.100, P=0.000). The Inter national knee Documentation Commitee (IKDC) 2000 subject score improved from 58.1 ± 3.7 preoperatively to 92.8 ± 5.9 postoperatively (t=20.700, P=0.000). Conclusion Arthroscopic treatment using absorbable double suture anchors for tibial eminence avulsion fracture can provide satisfactory reduction, stable fixation, and good heal ing of the avulsed fragment, which is a minimally-invasive, simple, and effective treatment for patients with tibial eminence avulsion fracture.
Objectives To investigate the clinical therapeutic effect of tibial boneskin flaps in the repair of infective boneskin defects of the leg. Methods Between February 2000 and March 2005, 68 cases of leg infective wounds with tibial bone and skin defects were treated: 4 cases using free grafting, 64 cases using crossleg or ipsilateral transposition grafting of tibial boneskin flaps so that the tibial support continuity of the affected leg could be reconstructed and the wound could be covered at one stage. The skin flap area ranged from 9 cm×4 cm to 25 cm×12 cm and the bone flap length ranged from 6 cm to 21 cm. Results The flaps were completely survived in 67 of the 68 cases except 1 case which was repaired by fibular boneskin flaps because of the failed blood-vessel anastomosis; the bone flaps were healed in 66 cases,except 1 case which had delayed union of the proximal end through 6month follow-up because tibial bone flap was lengthened, leading to long soft tissue stripping of the proximal end. All the 68 patients were followed up 6 months to 5 years. The leg function and contour weresatisfactory 2 years after operation. Those patients followed up more than 2 years showed normal weight loading walking without obviously abnormal gait, and can engaged in original work. Conclusion On the basis of sufficient antiinfection, the onestage reconstruction of tibial support continuity and the covering of wound by the three methods are suitable for many types of leg bone and skin defects, have a great application value and high successful rate and can retain the affected limb and create the conditions for the functional recovery.
Objective To evaluate the treatment results of LCP and locked intramedullary nailing for tibial diaphysis fractures.MethodsFrom October 2003 to April 2006, 55 patients with tibial diaphysis fractures ( 58 fractures) were treated. Of them there were 39 males and 16 females with an average of 39 years years ( 14 to 62 years). The fractures were on the left side in 27 patients and on the right side in 31 patients (3 patients had bilateral involvement). Thirtyfour fractures were treated by intramedullary nailing (intramedullary nailing group) and 24 fractures by LCP fixation (LCP group). The average disease course was 3 days (intramedullary nailing group) and 3.1 days(LCP group). The operation time, the range of motion of knee and ankle joints, fracturehealing time, and complications were evaluated. Results The patients were followed up 8-26 months(13 months on average). The operation time was 84.0±9.2 min (intramedullary nailing group) and 69.0±8.4 min (LCPgroup)； the average cost in hospital was￥19 297.78 in the intramedullary nailing group and ￥14 116.55 in the LCP group respectively, showing significant differences(P＜0.05). The flexion and extension of knee joint was 139.0±3.7° and 4.0±0.7° in intramedullary nailing group and 149.0±4.2° and 0±0.4° in LCP group, showing no significant difference(Pgt;0.05). The doral flexion and plantar flexion of ankle joint were 13.0±1.7° and 41.0±2.6° in intramedullary nailing group, and 10.0±1.4° and 44.0±2.3° in LCP group, showing nosignificant differences(Pgt;0.05). The mean healing time was 3.3 months in intramedullary nailing group, and 3.1 months in LCP group. Length discrepancy occurred in 1 case (2.5 cm), delayed union in 1 case and nailing endtrouble in 3 cases in intramedullary nailing group; moreover rotation deformityoccurred 1 case and anterior knee pain occurred in 6 cases(17.1%). One angulation and open fracture developed osteomyelitis in 1 case 1 week postoperatively and angulation deformity occurred in 1 case of distalthird tibial fractures in LCP group. Conclusion LCP and locked intramedullary nailing can achieve satisfactory results in treating tibial diaphysis fracture LCP has advantages in less complication, operation time and cost in hospital.
Objective To summarize the cl inical appl ication of minimally invasive percutaneous locking compression plate (LCP) internal fixation in the treatment of tibial fractures and to evaluate its cl inical effects. Methods From September 2005 to September 2007, 13 patients with tibial fractures were treated with indirect reduction and minimally invasive percutaneous LCP internal fixation, 8 males and 5 females, aged 18-35 years old (27 on average). Among them, the fractures were caused by traffic accidents in 3 cases, by fall ing in 5 cases, by fall ing from height in 4 cases and by bruise in 1 case. The fractures were located at 1/3 upper tibia in 2 cases, at 1/3 medium tibia in 6 cases and at 1/3 lower tibia in 5 cases. All fracture were closed ones. According to the AO classification, 4 cases were type A, 7 type B and 2 type C. The time between fractures and operation was from 3 hours to 5 days (2.5 days on average). Results All incisions obtained heal ing by first intention. All patients were followed up for 10-18 months (13 months on average). All fractures reached cl inical heal ing, and the heal ing time was 12-20 weeks (16 weeks on average). There was no delayed fracture heal ing, nonunion, infection and internal fixation failure. No compl ications such as rotation, crispatura deformity and internal fixation loosening were found. According to the HSS scoring, the function of the knee joint was graded 85-95 (90 on average), and the range of motion was 100-130° (120° on average). According to the AOFAS Ankie Hindfoot Scoring, the function of the ankle joint was graded 80-95 (92.4 on average). Nine cases were excellent, 4 good, and the choiceness rate was 100%. Conclusion Minimally invasive percutaneous LCP internal fixation is in accord with biological set principles and beneficial for tibial fracture heal ing and reconstruction of soft tissues.
Objective To study the cl inical effect of expert tibial nail (ETN) in the treatment of the complex tibial fractures of type C. Methods From May to October 2008, 10 cases of complex tibial fractures of type C were treated with unreamed ETN and closed reduction. There were 7 males and 3 females aging from 23 to 50 years with an average age of 39 years. Fracture was caused by traffic accident in 6 cases, by crush in 2 cases, and by fall ing from height in 2 cases. According to Association for the Study of Internal Fixation (AO/ASIF) classification, there were 2 cases of 42-C1 fractures, 4 cases of42-C2 fractures, and 4 cases of 42-C3 fractures; including 4 cases of closed fractures and 6 cases of open fractures (2 cases of Gustilo type I and 4 cases of Gustilo type II). Results The mean duration of surgery and blood loss were 75 minutes (range, 60-110 minutes) and 55 mL (range, 20-100 mL), respectively. All the incision healed by first intension without compl ication of infection. All cases were followed up for 12-17 months (average 14 months). X-ray films showed that no breakage of nail, iatrogenic fracture, l imb shortening, and angulation deformity occurred. All fractures healed after 3-8 months (average 4.2 months). At last follow-up according to Johner-Wruhs standard for the functional recovery, the results were excellent in 8 cases and good in 2 cases. Conclusion ETN has an angular stable locking system for intramedullary nails, which can enhance axial and transverse stabil ity for the treatment of complex tibial fractures of type C. It will provide firm fixation and minimal invasion.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the repairing result for the massive bony defects of upper and middle tibia and lower femur. METHODS: Since 1974, four types of pedicled-fibula transposition were performed to repair the massive bone defect of tibia and femur in 25 cases, which included; 9 cases with benign tumor of upper part of tibia were performed muscle-pedicled fibula transposition and knee fusion after tumor resection; 9 cases with extensive benign tumor or tumoroid lesion of tibia shaft were performed muscle-pedicled fibula transposition and tibia-fibula fusion after tumor resection; 2 cases with extensive benign tumor or tumoroid lesion of middle and lower parts of tibia were performed vascular pedicled fibula transposition and tibia-fibula fusion; 5 cases with benign tumor of distal femur were performed vascular pedicled fibula reversal transposition and knee fusion. RESULTS: After 3 months to 11 years follow-up, 23 cases showed bone healing at 6 months postoperatively. The other 2 cases showed bone healing at 12 months postoperatively. All cases had satisfactory functional rehabilitation. CONCLUSION: Pedicled-fibula transposition is a choice method for repairing massive defects of tibia and femur.
Objective To investigate the surgical treatment method and the curative effect of tibial nonunion with superficial peroneal vascular fascia pedicel tibiofibular periosteal flap. Methods From January 1996 to December 2008, 18 cases of tibial nonunion were treated with superficial peroneal vascular fascia pedicel tibiofibular periosteal flap, interlockingintramedullary nail ing and cancellous bone graft of distal tibial. There were 14 males and 4 females, with an average age of 32.5 years old (range, 24-67 years old). Fracture site was middle in 10 cases and distal in 8 cases. Primary injury cause included 12 cases of traffic accident and 6 cases of bruise. The tibial nonunion reasons were manual reduction and plaster immobil ization in 8 cases, small spl int immobil ization in 4 cases, intramedullary nail fixation in 2 cases (no bone graft), plate fixation in 4 cases (including 3 cases of plate fixation and free il iac bone graft). Nonunion occurred after the first surgery. The time from nonunion to operation was 8 to 16 months, with an average of 10.5 months. The size of periosteal flap was 7 cm × 5 cm and distal tibial cancellous bone graft volume was 5-10 g. Results All incision achieved heal ing by first intention after operation without flap necrosis and infection. All patients were followed up 6-36 months with an average of 20.8 months. All tibial nonunion healed 5-7 months after operation. According to Johner-Wruh scoring, the results were excellent in 14 cases, good in 3 cases, and fair in 1 case; the excellent and good rate was 94.4%. Conclusion Superficial peroneal vascular tibiofibularfascia pedicel tibiofibular periosteal flap and interlocking intramedullary nail ing can attain good results in treating nonunion of tibia and fibula because of being stable internal fixation and promoting the heal ing of nonunion.
Objective To determine the effect of non-reamed versus reamed intramedullary nailing for tibial fractures in adults on the rates of nonunion, the rates of implant failure, the rates of infection, the incidence of compartment syndrome, the rates of malunion, and the time of union. Methods We searched MEDLINE （1966 -July, 2005）, EMBASE （1974 -July, 2005 ）, The Cochrane Library （Issue 2, 2005 ）and CBMdisc （1979 -July, 2005 ）, and handsearched the relevant Chinese and English orthopedic journals. Randomized controlled trials and Clinical controlled trials of nonreamed versus reamed intramedullary nailing for tibial fractures in adults were included. The quality of trials was critically assessed. RevMan 4.2.7 software was used for data analysis. Results Four RCTs and one CCT of non-reamed versus reamed intramedullary nailing for tibial fractures in adults were included. The results of meta-analysis showed that nonreamed intramedullary nailing for tibial fractures in adult increased the rates of nonunion （RR 1.87, 95% CI 1.20 to 2. 91, P =0. 006）, implant failure （RR 2.23, 95% CI 1.49 to 3.34, P〈0. 000 1 ） and the time to union （WMD 9.00, 95% CI 3.19 to 14.81, P =0. 002）. Conclusions Compared with reamed intramedullary nailing for tibial fractures in adults, non-reamed intramedullary nailing increases the rates of nonunion and implant failure is common. There is no statistical difference in the rates of post operative infection, the rates of malunited fracture and the incidence of compartment syndrome between the two groups. However, further studies are needed to determine the effects of reamed and non-reamed intramedullary nailing on these outcomes, expecially when patient has severe open fractures （Gustilo Grade Ⅲ C）and multiple injuries.
Objective To design a combined flap of subscapular axis including vascularized lateral scapular,rib and latissimus dorsi to repair the large defect of tibia. Methods The patient was a 39-year-old man who got a posttraumatic 12 cm defect of tibiaafter primary debridement and external fixation because of open fracture 5 months ago. There was a 12 cm×6 cm scar involved the proximal medial segment of tibia.After resection of scar and fibular tissue over the bone defect floor, alatissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap 14 cm×5 cm pedicled with subscapular artery-thoracodorsal artery,a flap 12.5 cm on the outside of the scapular pedicled with thoracodorsal artery, and 6th rib flap 13 cm by serratus were prepared.The tibialis posterior and saphenous vein were used for astomosis. A proximalanatomic plate was applied to the fixation of tibia. Results Thecompound flap survived the operation. The follow-up period was 2 years. Bone union occurred 6 months after operation. Conclusion This combined flap is successful and can provide alternative to the resolution of large defect of tibia.