In 2025, the American Cancer Society published "Cancer statistics, 2025", which projected cancer data for the upcoming year based on incidence data collected by central cancer registries (through 2021) and mortality data obtained from the National Center for Health Statistics (through 2022). Similarly, the National Cancer Center of China released "Cancer incidence and mortality in China, 2022" in December 2024, analyzing data from 22 cancer registries across the country. This study provides a comparative analysis of cancer incidence and mortality trends in China and the United States during the same period, with a focus on sex- and age-specific distributions and long-term changes in cancer patterns. Long-term trends indicate that lung and liver cancer mortality rates in China have declined, primarily due to tobacco control measures and hepatitis B vaccination programs. However, the burden of gastric and esophageal cancers remains substantial. In the United States, mortality rates for colorectal and lung cancers have continued to decline, largely attributed to widespread screening programs and advances in immunotherapy. As economic growth and social development, China’s cancer profile is gradually shifting towards patterns observed in countries with high human development index. However, the prevention and control of upper gastrointestinal cancers remains a critical public health challenge that requires further attention.
Objective To analyze the trend of standardized infection ratio (SIR) of surgical site infection (SSI) in small bowel surgery, objectively evaluate the effect of infection control, and provide evidence-based strategies for SSI prevention. Methods According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) / National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) surveillance definitions for specific types of infections and the monitoring methods of SSI events published by NHSN, the SSI and related risk factors of adult inpatients undergoing small bowel surgery in Yichang Central People’s Hospital between January 1, 2016 and December 31, 2022 were prospectively monitored. The inpatients undergoing small bowel surgery that meets the definition of International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision Clinical Modifications/Procedure Coding System (ICD-10-CM/PCS), a multivariate binary logistic regression model was used to calculate the predicted infections in each year, the model included the risk factors for small bowel surgery in NHSN Complex Admission/Readmission (A/R) SSI Model with 7 years of surveillance data as the baseline. The SIR was calculated by dividing the number of observed SSI by the number of predicted SSI in each year. The Mid-P method was used to test the difference of SIR compared to the previous year, and the linear regression model was used to analyze the trend of SIR. Results A total of 2 436 patients were included, with 48 cases of deep incision infection and 49 cases of organ/cavity infection, and the overall incidence rate of infection was 4.0%. From 2016 to 2022, there were 151, 244, 222, 260, 320, 408, and 831 patients who underwent small bowel surgery, respectively. The Mid-P test showed that there was a significant difference in SIR from 2016 to 2019 (P<0.05), and there was an increase in 2018 compared with 2017. There was no significant difference in SIR compared to the previous year from 2019 to 2022 (P>0.05), and there was no significant difference in the trend of SIR of SSI (P=0.065). Conclusions From January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2022, advances have been made in SSI control practices of small bowel surgery in six consecutive years, except for 2018, but there was no annual downward trend from 2020 to 2022. The use of SIR provides a new approach for evaluating the quality of infection control.
Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) have become one of the cutting-edge technologies in the world, and have been mainly applicated in medicine. In this article, we sorted out the development history and important scenarios of BCIs in medical application, analyzed the research progress, technology development, clinical transformation and product market through qualitative and quantitative analysis, and looked forward to the future trends. The results showed that the research hotspots included the processing and interpretation of electroencephalogram (EEG) signals, the development and application of machine learning algorithms, and the detection and treatment of neurological diseases. The technological key points included hardware development such as new electrodes, software development such as algorithms for EEG signal processing, and various medical applications such as rehabilitation and training in stroke patients. Currently, several invasive and non-invasive BCIs are in research. The R&D level of BCIs in China and the United State is leading the world, and have approved a number of non-invasive BCIs. In the future, BCIs will be applied to a wider range of medical fields. Related products will develop shift from a single mode to a combined mode. EEG signal acquisition devices will be miniaturized and wireless. The information flow and interaction between brain and machine will give birth to brain-machine fusion intelligence. Last but not least, the safety and ethical issues of BCIs will be taken seriously, and the relevant regulations and standards will be further improved.
The hallmark of the recent latest advances in diagnostic fundus imaging technology is combination of complex hierarchical levels and depths, as well as wide-angle imaging, ultra-wide imaging. The clinical application of wide-angle and ultra-wide imaging, not only can reevaluate the role of the peripheral retina, the classification types and treatment modalities of central retinal vein occlusion, and enhance the reliability of diabetic retinopathy screening, improve the classification and therapeutic decision of diabetic retinopathy, and but also can help guide and improve laser photocoagulation. However we must clearly recognize that the dominant role of ophthalmologists in the diagnosis of ocular fundus diseases cannot be replaced by any advanced fundus imaging technology including wide-angle imaging. We emphasize to use the three factors of cognitive performance (technology, knowledge and thinking) to improve the diagnosis of ocular fundus diseases in China.
Objective To analyze the prevalence of leukemia in China from 1990 to 2019, predict the incidence, morbidity and mortality of leukemia in China from 2020 to 2040, and provides reference for the formulation of leukemia-related prevention and treatment strategies in China. Methods Based on the 2019 Global Burden of Disease database, the incidence, morbidity and mortality data of leukemia in China from 1990 to 2019 were collected, and the rate of change and annual estimated percentage of change (EAPC) were used to describe the epidemic trend of the disease. The Autoregressive Moving Average (ARIMA) model was used to predict the prevalence of leukemia in China from 2020 to 2040. Results In 2019, the age-standardized incidence, age-standardized prevalence and age-standardized mortality rate of leukemia in China decreased by 17.62%, 10.97%, and 41.56%, respectively, compared with 1990, and an average annual decrease of 1.06%, 0.89%, and 2.05%, respectively (P<0.05). From 1990 to 2019, the reduction age-standardized incidence rate, age-standardized prevalence rate and age-standardized mortality rate in Chinese women (EAPC was 1.56%, 1.38%, and 2.62%, respectively) was higher than that of men (EAPC was 0.61%, 0.43%, and 1.59%, respectively). In 2019, the incidence and prevalence were highest in the age group under 5 years of age, and the mortality rate was the highest in the age group over 80 years old. The prediction results of ARIMA model showed that the age-standardized incidence rate and prevalence of leukemia in China showed an increasing trend from 2020 to 2040, while the age-standardized mortality rate showed a decreasing trend. It is estimated that by 2040, the age-standardized incidence rate, age-standardized prevalence rate, and age-standardized mortality rate of leukemia will be 14.06/100 000, 108.23/100 000, and 2.83/100 000. Conclusions From 1990 to 2019, the age-standardized incidence rate, age-standardized prevalence rate and age-standardized mortality rate of leukemia in China decreased year by year, but they were still at a high level. The prediction results show that the age-standardized incidence rate and age-standardized prevalence rate of leukemia in China will continue to increase from 2020 to 2040, and it is necessary to continue to strengthen the surveillance, prevention and control of leukemia in the future.
The multi-fractal de-trended fluctuation analysis was used to estimate the mental stress in the present study. In order to obtain the optimal fractal order of the multi-fractal de-trended fluctuation analysis, we analyzed the relationship between singular index and Hurst index with order. We recorded the electroencephalogram (EEG) of 14 students, compared the relationship between singular index, Hurst index and quality index, ensured the optimal order being [—5, 5] and achieved the estimation of mental stress with the β wave in the EEGs. The result indicated that Hurst index and quality index of the EEGs under mental stress were greater than those of EEGs in the relaxing state. The Hurst index was gradually decreasing with the order increasing and was finally approaching a constant, while the quality index was amplified and variation of amplitude of the singular index was more obvious. We also compared the amplitude and the width of singular spectrum of the EEGs under the two conditions, and results indicated that the characteristics of multi-fractal spectrum of the EEGs under different conditions were different, namely the width of singular spectrum of the EEGs under mental stress was greater than that under relax condition.
Objective To integrate and analyze the disease burden of esophageal cancer caused by alcohol consumption in China from 1990 to 2019, along with the differences between genders, and predict the trends in disease burden changes from 2020 to 2029 to improve prevention and treatment strategies. Methods The disease burden of esophageal cancer caused by alcohol consumption in China from 1990 to 2019 was extracted and integrated from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) database, and the corresponding trend was analyzed using the Joinpoint regression model with Joinpoint 4.9.1.0 software. The gray prediction model [GM (1, 1) ] was used to forecast the disease burden of alcohol-related esophageal cancer in China from 2020 to 2029. Results In 2019, the leading causes of esophageal cancer in China were tobacco, alcohol, high body mass index, and insufficient fruit and vegetable intake, accounting for the first to fifth positions in esophageal cancer deaths. From a gender perspective, in 2019, the death number and standardized mortality rate for males were 18.97 times and 20.00 times higher than for females, respectively. The disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and standardized DALYs rate for males were 33.08 times and 24.78 times higher than those for females, respectively, indicating a heavier disease burden of alcohol-related esophageal cancer among Chinese males. From 1990 to 2019, the average annual percentage change (AAPC) in deaths and DALYs due to alcohol-related esophageal cancer in China was 2.08% and 1.63%, respectively, showing a continuous upward trend with statistical significance (P<0.05). The AAPC values for standardized mortality rate and standardized DALYs rate from 1990 to 2019 were –0.92% and –1.23%, respectively, showing a continuous downward trend with statistical significance (P<0.05). The population aged ≥55 years was the main group bearing the disease burden among all age groups from 1990 to 2019. The gray prediction model predicted that by 2029, the overall standardized mortality rate and standardized DALYs rate would decrease to 2.94/100 000and 67.94/100 000, with a greater decline in females than in males. Conclusion Over the past 30 years, the disease burden of alcohol-related esophageal cancer in China has slightly decreased. However, the reduction in disease burden is still lower compared to the overall decline in esophageal cancer burden, and the disease burden for males is significantly higher than for females. Focusing on prevention and treatment for males and the elderly population remains a major issue in addressing alcohol-related esophageal cancer in China.
Objective To analyze the trends in the burden of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and its related risk factors in China from 1990 to 2021, providing evidence for targeted prevention and control. Methods Based on public data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021, four epidemiological indicators, including incidence, prevalence, deaths, and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) were selected to describe the burden of ICH in China in 2021. Change rates and estimated annual percentage changes (EAPC) were calculated to evaluate the trends in disease burden from 1990 to 2021. The Das Gupta method was used to decompose the effects of population growth, population aging and epidemiological changes on the burden during this period. Finally, the attributable burden of risk factors related to ICH was analyzed. Results In 2021, the age-standardized incidence, prevalence, mortality, and DALY rates of ICH in China were 61.2/100000, 222.1/100000, 68.8/100000, and 1351.6/100000, respectively, all higher than global estimates. From 1990 to 2021, although these rates showed a declining trend (EAPC: −2.24, −1.26, −2.38, and −2.47, respectively), the absolute disease burden, including the absolute number of incidence cases, prevalence cases, deaths, and DALYs, continued to rise, with an increase ranging from 20.57% to 51.59%. In addition, the burden of ICH in China varied by age and sex, with older adults and males experiencing a higher burden. Decomposition analysis indicated that population aging and growth were the primary drivers of the increasing ICH burden in China, while epidemiological changes mitigated this trend. Metabolic factors were the predominant attributable risk factors for ICH. High systolic blood pressure, ambient particulate matter pollution, and diet high in sodium were important risk factors common to both genders. The DALY burden attributable to smoking and alcohol use was higher in men, whereas impaired kidney function and secondhand smoke had a greater impact on women. Conclusions The burden of ICH in China has continued to increase from 1990 to 2021, and it may further escalate in the context of population aging. Risk factor control remains a key priority for prevention. Future strategies should incorporate age- and sex-specific interventions to reduce the ICH burden in China.
ObjectiveTo analyze the epidemiological characteristics and trends of gallbladder cancer incidence and mortality in Zhejiang cancer registration areas from 2000 to 2021, providing a basis for formulating prevention and control strategies for gallbladder cancer. MethodsData on incidence and mortality were collected from 22 cancer registry areas in Zhejiang Province from 2000 to 2021, calculating the crude incidence (mortality), age-standardized incidence / mortality rate by Chinese standard population(ASR China), age-standardized incidence /mortality rate by World standard population (ASR World) and cumulative rate (0–74 years old). The average annual percentage change (AAPC) was calculated by using Joinpoint software. ResultsIn 2021, the crude incidence of gallbladder cancer in Zhejiang cancer registration areas was 6.79 per 100 000. The ASR China and ASR World were 2.99 and 2.96 per 100 000, respectively, ranking 18th of all new cancer cases. The incidence ASR China in female (3.13 per 100 000) was higher than that in male (2.85 per 100 000). The incidence ASR China in rural areas (3.01 per 100 000) was slightly higher than that in urban areas (2.97 per 100 000). The crude mortality of gallbladder cancer was 5.14 per 100 000, with the mortality ASR China and ASR World of 2.09 and 2.10 per 100 000, respectively, ranking 10th of all new cancer deaths. The mortality ASR China in female (2.19 per 100 000) was higher than that in male (1.98 per 100 000). The mortality ASR China in urban areas (2.11 per 100 000) was slightly higher than that in rural areas (2.07 per 100 000). Both the crude incidence and mortality of gallbladder cancer increased with age. The crude incidence and mortality showed an upward trend over time, with AAPC of 2.59% and 3.75%, respectively (P<0.001). The incidence ASR China did not show significant changes over time (AAPC=0.05%, P=0.856). The incidence ASR China in male and rural areas showed increasing trends over time, with AAPCs of 0.89% (P=0.016) and 1.14% (P=0.001), respectively. The incidence ASR China in female and urban areas showed no significant trends over time, with AAPCs of –0.26% (P=0.503) and –0.02% (P=0.967), respectively. The mortality showed a slower upward trend after adjusting the age structure (AAPC=1.01%, P=0.020). ConclusionsThe elderly population in rural areas, especially elderly women, are the primary targets for the prevention and control of gallbladder cancer. Aging is the main factor contributing to the increase in the incidence and mortality of gallbladder cancer. After adjusting for demographic factors, the overall upward trend of the incidence in the male population and rural areas, as well as mortality, cannot be ignored.
ObjectiveTo systematically analyze the temporal trends of pancreatic cancer burden in globally and China from 1990 to 2021 using the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (GBD 2021) database and predict disease burden changes over the next 15 years. MethodsThe data of the incidence, death, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) and age-standardized rate data of pancreatic cancer in GBD 2021 were extracted to analyze the epidemic status. Joinpoint regression models were employed to calculate average annual percentage changes (AAPC) and identify trend transitions. An auto-regressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model was utilized to predict disease burden from 2022 to 2036. ResultsIn 2021, the global age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR), and age-standardized DALYs rate (ASDR) for pancreatic cancer were 5.96 (per 100 000), 5.95 (per 100 000), and 130.33 (per 100 000). Corresponding rates in China were 5.64 (per 100 000), 5.72 (per 100 000), and 137.23 (per 100 000). From 1990 to 2021, the average annual growth rate of ASIR (AAPC=0.72%), ASMR (AAPC=0.56%) and ASDR (AAPC=0.36%) were significantly higher than the global rate (ASIR: AAPC=0.27%; ASMR: AAPC=0.16%; ASDR: AAPC=0.02%). Age-specific analysis showed that the crude incidence, mortality, and DALYs rates for the population aged ≥60 years old in China (AAPC: 0.37%–1.55%) were all increasing at a higher rate than the same age group globally (AAPC: –0.02%–0.77%). Sex differences were significant, with greater disease burden in men than in women. ARIMA model predicted that Chinese and global ASIR and ASMR will continue to rise by 2036, with persistently steeper increases in males than females. ConclusionThe disease burden of pancreatic cancer in China is growing faster than that of the world, so early screening and prevention of pancreatic cancer should be strengthened.