The global prevalence of obesity continues to rise, while traditional therapies face challenges due to limited efficacy, invasiveness, and economic burdens. Endoscopic bariatric and metabolic therapies (EBMTs) have emerged as novel approaches to obesity management, characterized by their minimally invasive nature, reversibility, and targeted therapeutic mechanisms. This review systematically expounds the technical classifications and mechanisms of EBMTs, focusing on the clinical value of gastric and small intestinal intervention techniques. Gastric intervention techniques primarily comprise space-occupying devices and anatomical reconstruction: the former achieves short-term weight reduction through physical volume restriction but exhibits device-dependent efficacy, while the latter sustains long-term outcomes via endoscopic suturing or folding that induces durable morphological changes. Small intestinal intervention techniques improve metabolic regulation via gut-pancreas axis modulation, encompassing digestive diversion-driven alterations in chyme transit patterns and mucosal ablation-activated regeneration of endocrine microenvironments. Future studies should prioritize large-scale longitudinal studies to validate the efficacy and safety of EBMTs, thereby establishing evidence-based support for the precision management of obesity and related metabolic disorders.
Protein post-translational modifications (PTMs) are critical for modulating protein structure and function. Among these, lysine lactylation (Kla) has garnered significant attention in recent years as a newly discovered PTM. Although Kla has been thoroughly investigated in eukaryotic systems, its study in prokaryotes, especially bacteria, remains comparatively limited. Emerging research highlights that bacterial Kla, operating through dynamic modification mechanisms, is pivotal in processes such as growth and metabolism, virulence control, pathogenicity, and host-pathogen interactions. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the latest progress in bacterial Kla research, emphasizing its historical discovery, distinct modification features, and underlying molecular regulatory mechanisms. We further explore the regulatory roles of this modification in bacterial physiological processes and pathogenesis, concluding with a discussion of current research challenges and prospective future developments.